Surface‐rupture observations constrain the orientation, length, and direction of fault slip and are especially useful in the information‐limited immediate aftermath of a large earthquake. The extent of surface rupture and preliminary slip observations are critical for rapid assessment of damage to fault‐crossing lifelines and provide context for understanding strong ground motions resulting from rupture directivity. Some of the most important information that surface‐rupture observations may constrain are the locations of the ends of fault ruptures. Both aftershocks and postseismic deformation at fault tips are especially revealing of rheological properties (Hearn, 2003) and earthquake‐triggering mechanisms (Dieterich, 1994;...
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