Coupled Surface–Subsurface Modeling across a Range of Temporal and Spatial Scales

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Ablueprint for modeling fully integrated surface, subsurface, and land-surface processes that was originally put forth 40 years ago (Freeze and Harlan, 1969) is now becoming a reality. Although truly coupled models have only recently appeared in the literature (VanderKwaak and Loague, 2001; Panday and Huyakorn, 2004; Jones et al., 2006; Kollet and Maxwell, 2006; Qu and Duffy, 2007; Kollet and Maxwell, 2008), there is now a growing library of models and community of modelers that contribute considerably to our understanding of the coupled terrestrial hydrologic and energy cycles. Updated numerical...