Tectonics and Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt
The Tethyan orogenic belt stretches from the Alps, through the Carpathians and Balkans, Taurides and Caucasus, Zagros, Makran, and Himalayas, to Indochina and into the southwest Pacific Ocean. It represents a complete Wilson Cycle, from opening and closure of the Paleotethys Ocean in the mid-Paleozoic to the Late Triassic, opening of the Neotethys Ocean in the Permian-Early Triassic, and its progressive closure throughout the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The current state of the orogen includes all stages of convergence from active subduction beneath the Makran and eastern Mediterranean, through advanced continental collision in the Caucasus/Taurides and Zagros, to syn- to postcollisional readjustment in the Carpathians, Balkans, Himalayas, and Indochina (Richards, 2015).
The region has been the focus of significant recent attention from geologists interested both in its tectonic evolution and metallogeny, made possible by increased accessibility to many of the geographic sections of the orogen. Key breakthroughs in understanding its tectonic history have come through improved geochronological techniques and expansion of the database of samples and events dated, combined with more accurate paleogeographic and tectonic models. In parallel, an improved understanding of the subtle relationships between tectonomagmatic and metallogenic processes have refined interpretations that were once based on simplistic assumptions (e.g., that porphyry deposits only form above active subduction zones). Indeed, economic geologists have been among the key drivers of these advances by demanding more accurate and predictive tectonomagmatic models for ore formation that can reliably inform mineral exploration.
Consequently, the Tethyan orogen is now understood to be the best preserved global example of a collisional orogen, where all stages of convergence can be observed in real or recent geological time, and the detailed relationships to ore formation, commonly reflecting tectonic changes measured on submillion-year timescales, can be accurately documented and modeled.
In this volume, we present a selection of papers that showcase this advancement in knowledge, with examples from Eastern Europe to South Asia.Beginning in the Balkans, Knaak et al. (2016) describe the variety of mineral deposits that occur in the emergent worldclass Timok region of eastern Serbia. The origin of the Late Cretaceous Timok Magmatic Complex remains debated, but the authors propose that arc magmatism was focused by dextral transtensional structures, followed by complex structural rearrangement in the Cenozoic. Porphyry Cu-Au deposits, polymetallic replacement deposits, and sedimentary rockhosted Au deposits occur in close spatial, and possibly genetic, relationship to the Late Cretaceous arc rocks. A key contribution of this study is the detailed reconstruction of later Cenozoic fault movements that led to structural dislocation and oroclinal bending, complicating geologic and metallogenic correlations in the region.
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Table of Contents
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Balkans
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Geologic Setting and Tectonic Evolution of Porphyry Cu-Au, Polymetallic Replacement, and Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Au Deposits in the Northwestern Area of the Timok Magmatic Complex, SerbiaAuthor(s)I. Márton;I. Márton2Stockwork Geoconsulting Ltd., 400697, Cluj, RomaniaSearch for other works by this author on:R. M. Tosdal;R. M. Tosdal3PicachoEx LLC, Folly Beach, SC, USA 29439Search for other works by this author on:J. van der Toorn;J. van der Toorn4Avala Resources doo, Bor 19210, SerbiaSearch for other works by this author on:D. Davidović;D. Davidović4Avala Resources doo, Bor 19210, SerbiaSearch for other works by this author on:M. Zdravković;M. Zdravković4Avala Resources doo, Bor 19210, SerbiaSearch for other works by this author on:J. Živanovkć;J. Živanovkć4Avala Resources doo, Bor 19210, Serbia5Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4Search for other works by this author on:S. HassonS. Hasson6Seefin Capital Ltd., Sofia, BulgariaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Greece
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Magmatic and Metallogenic Framework of Au-Cu Porphyry and Polymetallic Carbonate-Hosted Replacement Deposits of the Kassandra Mining District, Northern GreeceAuthor(s)Chris R. Siron;Chris R. Siron1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853Search for other works by this author on:John F. H. Thompson;John F. H. Thompson1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853Search for other works by this author on:Tim Baker;Tim Baker2Eldorado Gold Corporation, 1188 Bentall 5-550 Burrard St., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5Search for other works by this author on:Richard Friedman;Richard Friedman3Pacific Center for Isotropic and Geochemical Research, 2207 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:Pavlos Tsitsanis;Pavlos Tsitsanis4Eldorado Gold Exploration, 23a Vassilissis Sofias Ave., 106 74, Athens, GreeceSearch for other works by this author on:Sally Russell;Sally Russell4Eldorado Gold Exploration, 23a Vassilissis Sofias Ave., 106 74, Athens, GreeceSearch for other works by this author on:Scott Randall;Scott Randall4Eldorado Gold Exploration, 23a Vassilissis Sofias Ave., 106 74, Athens, GreeceSearch for other works by this author on:Jim MortensenJim Mortensen3Pacific Center for Isotropic and Geochemical Research, 2207 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:
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Turkey
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The Geology of the Kişladağ Porphyry Gold Deposit, TurkeyAuthor(s)T. Baker;T. Baker1Eldorado Gold Corporation, 1188 Bentall 5, Burrard St., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5Search for other works by this author on:D. Bickford;D. Bickford2Tüprag Metal Madencilik San. Ve Tic A.S., 06700 Ankara, TurkeySearch for other works by this author on:S. Juras;S. Juras1Eldorado Gold Corporation, 1188 Bentall 5, Burrard St., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5Search for other works by this author on:P. Lewis;P. Lewis1Eldorado Gold Corporation, 1188 Bentall 5, Burrard St., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 2B5Search for other works by this author on:Y. Oztas;Y. Oztas3Tüprag Metal Madencilik San. Ve Tic A.S., 64900 Kisladag, TurkeySearch for other works by this author on:K. Ross;K. Ross4Panterra Geoservices Inc., Surrey, British Columbia, Canada V3S 0C6Search for other works by this author on:A. Tukac;A. Tukac2Tüprag Metal Madencilik San. Ve Tic A.S., 06700 Ankara, TurkeySearch for other works by this author on:F. Rabayrol;F. Rabayrol5Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:A. Miskovic;A. Miskovic5Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:R. Friedman;R. Friedman6Pacific Center for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:R.A. Creaser;R.A. Creaser7Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 126 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3Search for other works by this author on:R. SpikingsR. Spikings8Departement des sciences de la terre, Université de Genève, 1205 Genève, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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High-Sulfidation Epithermal Au and Porphyry Cu-Au Mineralization at the Karaayi Target, Biga Peninsula, Northwestern TurkeyAuthor(s)Moira T. Smith;Moira T. Smith1Pilot Gold Inc., Suite 1900, 1055 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2E9Search for other works by this author on:William A. Lepore;William A. Lepore1Pilot Gold Inc., Suite 1900, 1055 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2E9Search for other works by this author on:Tolga Incekaraoğlu;Tolga Incekaraoğlu2Pilot Gold, Nilgun Sokak 14/15, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey 06680Search for other works by this author on:Hakan Boran;Hakan Boran2Pilot Gold, Nilgun Sokak 14/15, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey 06680Search for other works by this author on:April Barrios;April Barrios1Pilot Gold Inc., Suite 1900, 1055 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2E9Search for other works by this author on:Graham Leroux;Graham Leroux3Mineral Deposits Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:Katherina Ross;Katherina Ross4Panterra Geoservices, 14180 Greencrest Drive, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada V4P 1L9Search for other works by this author on:Alper Büyüksolak;Alper Büyüksolak2Pilot Gold, Nilgun Sokak 14/15, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey 06680Search for other works by this author on:Ali Sevimli;Ali Sevimli2Pilot Gold, Nilgun Sokak 14/15, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey 06680Search for other works by this author on:Ken RaabeKen Raabe1Pilot Gold Inc., Suite 1900, 1055 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6E 2E9Search for other works by this author on:
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Cenozoic Crustal Extension and Its Relationship to Porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) and Epithermal Au-(Ag) Mineralization in the Biga Peninsula, Northwestern TurkeyAuthor(s)Matías G. Sánchez;Matías G. Sánchez1Fault Rocks Inc., 101-1718 Nelson Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6G IMSSearch for other works by this author on:Ken R. McClay;Ken R. McClay2Fault Dynamics Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Adrian R. King;Adrian R. King3Teck Resources Limited, General Manager, Exploration Strategy and Commercial, Suite 3300 Bentall 5, 550 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 0B3Search for other works by this author on:Jan R. WijbramsJan R. Wijbrams4Argon Geochronology Laboratory, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Vrije University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, NetherlandsSearch for other works by this author on:
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Caucasus
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Metallogeny of the Lesser Caucasus: From Arc Construction to Postcollision EvolutionAuthor(s)Robert Moritz;Robert Moritz1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraîchers 13, 1205 Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Rafael Melkonyan;Rafael Melkonyan2lnstitute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of the Republic of Armenia, Baghramyan Avenue 24, 0019 Yerevan, ArmeniaSearch for other works by this author on:David Selby;David Selby3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, DH1 3LE United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Nino Popkhadze;Nino Popkhadze4A. Djanelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Politkovskaia St. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:Vlademir Gugushvili;Vlademir Gugushvili4A. Djanelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Politkovskaia St. 5, 0186 Tbilisi, GeorgiaSearch for other works by this author on:Rodrig Tayan;Rodrig Tayan2lnstitute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of the Republic of Armenia, Baghramyan Avenue 24, 0019 Yerevan, ArmeniaSearch for other works by this author on:Vagif RamazanovVagif Ramazanov5Geological Department, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov St. 23, Az1145, Baku, AzerbaijanSearch for other works by this author on:
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Zagros
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The Tethyan Tectonic History and Cu-Au Metallogeny of IranAuthor(s)Jeremy P. Richards;Jeremy P. Richards1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E33Search for other works by this author on:Ali SholehAli Sholeh2Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran3CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 126, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Relationship Between Porphyry Systems, Crustal Preservation Levels, and Amount of Exploration in Magmatic Belts of the Central Tethys RegionAuthor(s)Lukas Zürcher;Lukas Zürcher1U.S. Geological Survey Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Tucson, Arizona 85719Search for other works by this author on:Jane M. Hammarstrom;Jane M. Hammarstrom2U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, Reston, Virginia 20192Search for other works by this author on:John C. Mars;John C. Mars2U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, Reston, Virginia 20192Search for other works by this author on:Stephen D. Ludington;Stephen D. Ludington3U.S. Geological Survey Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, California 94025Search for other works by this author on:Michael L. ZientekMichael L. Zientek4U.S. Geological Survey Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Spokane, Washington 99201Search for other works by this author on:
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Regional Integrated Structural and Alteration Analysis of Magnetic and Infrared Remote Sensing Data from the Kerman Belt, IranAuthor(s)Anna Fonseca;Anna Fonseca1SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., 151 Yonge Street, Suite 1300, Toronto Ontario M5C 2W7, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Aleksandar Mišković;Aleksandar Mišković2UBC-MDRU Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2020–2070 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:James Siddorn;James Siddorn1SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc., 151 Yonge Street, Suite 1300, Toronto Ontario M5C 2W7, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Sarah Monoury;Sarah Monoury3SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty. Ltd., 10 Richardson Street, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Mana RahimiMana Rahimi2UBC-MDRU Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2020–2070 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Makran
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Anatomical Similarities and Differences Between Spatially Associated Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits at the Reko Diq H14 and H15 Complex, Balochistan, PakistanAuthor(s)Abdul Razique;Abdul RaziqueMineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:Richard Tosdal;Richard TosdalMineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:Farhad BouzariFarhad BouzariMineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4Search for other works by this author on:
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Himalayas-Indochina
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Generation of Postcollisional Porphyry Copper Deposits in Southern Tibet Triggered by Subduction of the Indian Continental PlateAuthor(s)Zhi-Ming Yang;Zhi-Ming Yang1Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 1000.37, P.R. China2EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Richard Goldfarb;Richard Goldfarb3State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China4Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401Search for other works by this author on:Zhao-Shan ChangZhao-Shan Chang2EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the Middle East and South Asia (Oman, Himalaya, Karakoram, Tibet, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia)Author(s)Michael P. Searle;Michael P. SearleDepartment of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Laurence J. Robb;Laurence J. RobbDepartment of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:Nicholas J. GardinerNicholas J. GardinerDepartment of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United KingdomSearch for other works by this author on:
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Porphyries
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Zircon Compositions as a Pathfinder for Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au DepositsAuthor(s)Yong-Jun Lu;Yong-Jun Lu1Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia2Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Robert R. Loucks;Robert R. Loucks2Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Marco Fiorentini;Marco Fiorentini2Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:T. Campbell McCuaig;T. Campbell McCuaig2Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Noreen J. Evans;Noreen J. Evans3Department of Applied Geology/John de Laeter Centre/TIGeR, Curtin University, Perth, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Zhi-Ming Yang;Zhi-Ming Yang4Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR China5EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Department of Earth and Oceans, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Zeng-Qian Hou;Zeng-Qian Hou4Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR ChinaSearch for other works by this author on:Christopher L. Kirkland;Christopher L. Kirkland6Centre for Exploration Targeting, Curtin Node, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Luis A. Parra-Avila;Luis A. Parra-Avila2Centre for Exploration Targeting and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Alan KobussenAlan Kobussen7Rio Tinto Exploration, 1 Research Avenue, Bundoora VIC 3083, AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Bauxite
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Bauxite and Nickel-Cobalt Lateritic Deposits of the Tethyan BeltAuthor(s)Richard Herrington;Richard Herrington1Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom SW7 5BDSearch for other works by this author on:Nicola Mondillo;Nicola Mondillo1Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom SW7 5BD2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,” ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Maria Boni;Maria Boni2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II,” ItalySearch for other works by this author on:Robert Thorne;Robert Thorne3CSIRO Mineral Resources, ARRC, Kensington, Western AustraliaSearch for other works by this author on:Metin TavlanMetin Tavlan4Transmark Renewables, Narli mah. Cem sok 4/A 35320 Narlidere Izmir, TurkeySearch for other works by this author on:
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