The acquisition of vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has made VSP acquisition a robust technique and a cost-effective tool for reservoir imaging and monitoring. However, VSP acquisition also brings intrinsic challenges due to its limited spatial coverage. DAS recording typically produces data of suboptimal quality with directional sensitivity. Conventional reverse time migration imaging of primaries in DAS VSP data typically results in limited spatial coverage, particularly because events above the shallowest channel cannot be imaged at all. While it has been demonstrated that surface multiples can be complementary in imaging conventional streamer or ocean-bottom-node data, this paper shows that incorporating surface multiples as input for dynamic matching full-waveform inversion (FWI) can have a more significant impact in overcoming the intrinsic limitation and maximizing the value of DAS VSP surveys. Furthermore, the resulting FWI image from inversion has better amplitude fidelity.

You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.