Abstract
Low-porosity Bossier and Cotton Valley sands of the East Texas Basin, U. S., have only a small acoustic impedance contrast with the encasing shales but a greater relative contrast in shear-wave impedance. Vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired with both a near-offset and far-offset P-wave source clearly demonstrate the P-P reflectivity and P-S mode conversions within the Bossier section. We designate conventional P-wave reflectivity as P-P, shear-wave reflectivity as S-S, and P-wave/shear-wave mode conversion data as P-S. While Bossier P-P reflectivity is low, it appears to be adequate for mapping thick sandbodies such as the York Sandstone, the main exploration target in this area. However, P-P reflectivity is even lower and is inadequate for imaging the overlying Cotton Valley Sands. In contrast, the far-offset VSP data acquired with a P-wave source demonstrate a high level of P-S-mode conversion, which is used to image this interval with definition that is not provided by P-P reflectivity. This provides strong support for the use of P-S-mode conversion imaging for seismic characterization of tight sand reservoirs. Near-offset shear-wave VSP data acquired with a shearwave source show low S/N ratio and limited bandwidth for the downgoing waveform because of the depth of the target; shear-wave energy appears to have a more limited range of propagation than P-waves. Such effects may also have a strong negative impact on multicomponent imaging of these sands using surface seismic techniques. Multicomponent 3D VSP imaging provides a superior solution by placing the geophones closer to the subsurface zone of interest.
