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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Gloucester County New Brunswick
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Bathurst New Brunswick (2)
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Primary terms
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biography (1)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Gloucester County New Brunswick
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Nova Scotia (2)
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Ontario
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metal ores
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sedimentary rocks
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sediments
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sediments
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soils
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soils (1)
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The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada: History of Discovery and Evolution of Geologic Models
Abstract The Bathurst Mining Camp has a long history of discovery and mineral development with the first volcanogenic massive sulfides (VMS) being discovered and drilled at Orvan Brook in 1938. However, the camp did not gain national and international prominence until the discovery of the Brunswick Mining and Smelting 6 deposit was announced in 1953. After that, the Bathurst Mining Camp saw a number of important VMS “firsts” in North America; namely, the first deposits to be described in terms of a syngenetic sea-floor model, the first discovery by airborne electromagnetic surveying, the first discovery by stream-silt geochemistry, the first routine application of gravity surveys to screen ground electromagnetic anomalies, the first (in Canada) heap- and vat-leach operations to recover gold from gossans, and the first major mining camp to be described in terms of ensialic, back-arc–basin-depositional and subduction-related accretionay models. To date, a total of 141 massive sulfide occurrences, including 45 deposits, have been discovered in the Bathurst Mining Camp, a subcircular area approximately 60 km in diameter. About half of the discoveries were made in the 1950s and resulted from the use of geophysics, although geochemistry and prospecting were responsible for many. Later discoveries in the camp can be attributed to improved technology and a better understanding of the stratigraphy and structure. Production to the end of 1998 was over 130 million metric tons (Mt) from 12 deposits. The total massive sulfide resources, including production, from the known deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp are estimated to be over 500 Mt. The geologic picture of the Bathurst Mining Camp has evolved dramatically since the first massive sulfide discovery. During the early 1950s, the epigenetic period, the geology of the camp was virtually unknown but by the end of the decade five informal units were recognized in the Ordovician Tetagouche Group. The sulfide deposits were considered to be replacement bodies genetically related to Devonian granites. By the 1960s, the syngenetic period, the picture was much the same although the Tetagouche Group was being interpreted in terms of geosynclinal theory and the sulfides were considered to be a facies of iron-formation. By the 1970s, the Kuroko period, plate tectonic theory had been applied to the Bathurst Mining Camp and it was being interpreted as an ensialic arc-related to easterly subduction. The stratigraphic framework of the Tetagouche Group, though informal, and significance of the polydeformational structures were more fully appreciated, and the sulfide deposits were considered to be genetically linked to convective circulation of seawater in proximity to calc-alkaline rhyolite domes. During the 1980s, the VMS period, the geologic picture of the Bathurst Mining Camp started to change because of new mapping and lithogeochemical studies. The Tetagouche Group was interpreted to have formed in an ensialic back-arc rift, with much of its structural complexity related to its amalgamation in an accretionary wedge above a westerly dipping subduction zone. The sulfides were considered to be exhalative, deposited in mounds or brine pools, and to have formed from convective circulation of seawater around subvolcanic intrusions. The deposits were divided into two groups with proximal and distal types in each. In the 1990s, the EXTECH period, the Tetagouche Group was redefined and formally subdivided, largely based on lithogeochemistry and geochronology. Many rocks previously included in this group were reassigned to new groups including the California Lake, Fournier, Miramichi, and Sheephouse Brook Groups. The new data and interpretations resulting from the EXTECH project are described in the papers that follow in this volume.
GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 1842-1952
Abstract Auriferous deposits in greenstone-sedimentary belts are quartz veins, irregular complex siliceous zones, and stockworks in shear zones, faults, fractures, sheeted zones, and minor folds. Mineralization includes essentially quartz, carbonates, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and various minor sulfides. Alteration includes mainly chloritization, development of talc, carbonatization, sericitization, biotitization, silicification, tourmalinization, pyritization, and development of arsenopyrite. Native gold is the principal economic mineral, but aurostibite and tellurides are common in certain deposits. Several theories have been proposed to explain the genesis of these deposits, including the abyssal, ore magma, magmatic hydrothermal, granitization, exhalative, and lateral and meta-morphic secretion theories. Positive and negative geologic and geochemical evidence is discussed for each of these theories.