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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Age and identity of the oldest pine fossils: COMMENT
Anatomically preserved Early Cretaceous bennettitalean leaves: Nilssoniopteris corrugata n. sp. from Vancouver Island, Canada
Paleobotany and paleoecology of Gao Mine, a late Paleocene fossil locality near Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
Wetlands before tracheophytes: Thalloid terrestrial communities of the Early Silurian Passage Creek biota (Virginia)
Early Silurian (Llandoverian) macrofossils from the lower Massanutten Sandstone at Passage Creek in Virginia represent the oldest known terrestrial wetland communities. Fossils are preserved as compressions in overbank deposits of a braided fluvial system. Specimens with entire margins and specimens forming extensive crusts provide evidence for in situ preservation, whereas pre-burial cracks in the fossils demonstrate subaerial exposure. Developed in river flood plains that provided the wettest available environments on land at the time, these communities occupied settings similar to present-day riverine wetlands. Compared with the latter, which are continuously wet by virtue of the moisture retention capabilities of soils and vegetation, Early Silurian flood-plain wetlands were principally abiotically wet, depending on climate and fluctuations of the rivers for moisture supply. Varying in size from <1 cm to >10 cm, fossils exhibit predominantly thalloid morphologies but some are strap-shaped or form crusts. Their abundance indicates that a well-developed terrestrial groundcover was present by the Early Silurian. Morphological and anatomical diversity of specimens suggests that this groundcover consisted of several types of organisms and organismal associations, some characterized by complex internal organization. Earlier microfossil finds at Passage Creek corroborate an image of systematically diverse but structurally simple communities, consisting only of primary producers and decomposers. Ten to fifteen million years older than the oldest previously known complex terrestrial organisms (e.g., Cooksonia ), they provide a new perspective on the early stages of land colonization by complex organisms, whereby the earliest terrestrial communities were built by a guild of thalloid organisms and associations of organisms comparable to extant biological soil crusts.
The Fayetteville Formation of northwestern Arkansas (upper Mississippian/middle Chesterian) contains two compression plant fossil assemblages (one in situ) that represent plant communities, and an allochthonous permineralized assemblage recovered from marine strata that represents the landscape. This preservation of spatial ecological subunits (communities) nested within a larger subunit (landscape) provides a snapshot of vegetation patterns within a Late Mississippian clastic swamp. Fifteen whole plants are recognized. Seed ferns are the most speciose group and lycopsids account for most biomass. Seed fern taxa known only as permineralized specimens include one canopy tree ( Megaloxylon ), two understory trees, and five herbaceous layer plants. Two herbaceous layer seed ferns are observed only as compressions. Lycopsids are represented as two canopy trees that are known from both permineralizations and compressions. Archaeocalamites is also known from both permineralizations and compressions but was an understory tree. Ferns are rare and are preserved only as fragments of permineralized rachises from two species. As revealed by the in situ compression assemblage, the two species of lycopsid canopy trees co-occur and they formed communities that occupied ever-wet bottomlands, with Archaeocalamites occupying the understory, and a single species of seed fern comprising the herbaceous layer. Lycopsids do not co-occur with Megaloxylon . Megaloxylon probably formed a second community type in somewhat water-stressed areas of the swamp with an understory of small arborescent seed ferns, some Archaeocalamites , and an herbaceous-layer seed fern. Ferns probably formed a third type of community in disturbed sites.