- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
- Abstract
- Affiliation
- All
- Authors
- Book Series
- DOI
- EISBN
- EISSN
- Full Text
- GeoRef ID
- ISBN
- ISSN
- Issue
- Keyword (GeoRef Descriptor)
- Meeting Information
- Report #
- Title
- Volume
NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe-Est County Quebec
-
Gaspe Quebec (1)
-
-
Montreal and Jesus Islands County Quebec
-
Montreal Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield (1)
-
Great Lakes (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (3)
-
Southern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Missouri River basin (1)
-
Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Saint Lawrence River (1)
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
-
Platte River basin (1)
-
Sand Hills (1)
-
United States
-
Arkansas River valley (1)
-
Illinois (1)
-
Iowa
-
Mills County Iowa (1)
-
Winneshiek County Iowa (1)
-
-
Kansas (1)
-
Llano Estacado (1)
-
Midwest (1)
-
Mississippi Valley (1)
-
Missouri (2)
-
Missouri River (1)
-
Montana (1)
-
Nebraska (3)
-
North Dakota (1)
-
Oklahoma (2)
-
Texas (1)
-
Wyoming (1)
-
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
isotope ratios (2)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
fossils
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia (1)
-
-
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (3)
-
-
-
-
geochronology methods
-
optically stimulated luminescence (1)
-
Th/U (1)
-
U/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Clovis (1)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
middle Holocene (4)
-
Neoglacial (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Peoria Loess (2)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Arikaree Group (1)
-
Paleogene
-
White River Group (2)
-
-
-
-
Laurentide ice sheet (2)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (1)
-
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (5)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Quebec
-
Gaspe-Est County Quebec
-
Gaspe Quebec (1)
-
-
Montreal and Jesus Islands County Quebec
-
Montreal Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Clovis (1)
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
middle Holocene (4)
-
Neoglacial (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
Peoria Loess (2)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Arikaree Group (1)
-
Paleogene
-
White River Group (2)
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces (1)
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia (1)
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
climate change (1)
-
data processing (1)
-
geochemistry (2)
-
geomorphology (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Mollusca (1)
-
-
isostasy (1)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (3)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (2)
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
-
land use (1)
-
North America
-
Canadian Shield (1)
-
Great Lakes (1)
-
Great Plains
-
Northern Great Plains (3)
-
Southern Great Plains (1)
-
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
-
Missouri River basin (1)
-
Rocky Mountains (1)
-
Saint Lawrence River (1)
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (2)
-
-
paleoclimatology (5)
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Upper Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
pollen (3)
-
-
-
sea-level changes (2)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
mudstone (1)
-
shale (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (3)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (3)
-
colluvium (2)
-
loess (2)
-
-
-
soils (1)
-
stratigraphy (2)
-
United States
-
Arkansas River valley (1)
-
Illinois (1)
-
Iowa
-
Mills County Iowa (1)
-
Winneshiek County Iowa (1)
-
-
Kansas (1)
-
Llano Estacado (1)
-
Midwest (1)
-
Mississippi Valley (1)
-
Missouri (2)
-
Missouri River (1)
-
Montana (1)
-
Nebraska (3)
-
North Dakota (1)
-
Oklahoma (2)
-
Texas (1)
-
Wyoming (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary rocks
-
caliche (1)
-
sedimentary rocks
-
carbonate rocks
-
limestone
-
calcarenite (1)
-
-
-
clastic rocks
-
mudstone (1)
-
shale (1)
-
-
-
-
sediments
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
-
alluvium (3)
-
colluvium (2)
-
loess (2)
-
-
-
-
soils
-
paleosols (2)
-
soils (1)
-
Isotopic evidence for the diversity of late Quaternary loess in Nebraska: Glaciogenic and nonglaciogenic sources
Origin and paleoclimatic significance of late Quaternary loess in Nebraska: Evidence from stratigraphy, chronology, sedimentology, and geochemistry
Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene
Preface
Cultural and landscape change during the middle Holocene, Rocky Mountain area, Wyoming and Montana
The pollen, sedimentary, geomorphic, pedogenic, and cultural records in the basin and foothill areas of the Northwestern Plains indicates that climatic conditions during the middle Holocene were warm and dry. However, chronologies are not synchronous and there are great differences in times of climatic transition between areas. The time of shift from the cool/moist conditions of the early Holocene to a more arid/warm climate varies between 9,000 to 6,700 radiocarbon years before present (RYBP), while the end of the middle Holocene, depending on locale, took place between 7,000 and 2,500 RYBP. The advent of Neoglaciation is commonly considered to mark the end of the middle Holocene. In Wyoming and Southern Alberta, this event began about 3,300 RYBP. In Glacier National Park and the Canadian Rockies, the major post-Pleistocene glacial episode was the Little Ice Age, about 400 to 100 B.P. The Early Archaic Cultural Period began about 7,600 RYBP and is characterized by a shift from the big game hunting economy of the Paleoindian to one with an emphasis on small-game procurement. Population numbers in Wyoming appear to have been low between 8,000 and 6,500 RYBP. The appearance of pithouses, in central Wyoming, between 6,000 and 5,000 RYBP signals a change to a more equitable climate. The sudden and widespread appearance of the McKean peoples at about 5,000 RYBP marks another change in life style and the end of the Early Archaic.
Middle Holocene environments, geology, and archaeology in the Southern Plains
This paper reviews evidence of middle Holocene environments, geology, and archaeology in the Southern Plains of the United States. Paleoenvironmental review of data including pollen, vertebrates, mollusks, and stable isotopes indicate drier climates prevailed in this region during the middle Holocene than in the early Holocene or the late Holocene. This climatic record is registered in different patterns of alluvial sedimentology and pedology across the region and among different drainage basins. Middle Holocene eolian deposits are documented in some localities from the Southern High Plains to the eastern plains margins. Reduced biomass and reduced surface water availability appear to have forced demographic and economic responses by middle Holocene populations in this region. However, deep burial of archaeological sites under flood plains as well as a paucity of geoarchaeological investigations constrain clear reconstruction of adaptive changes during this period.
Geomorphic controls of the Archaic record in the Central Plains of the United States
The remains of Archaic cultures, especially those dating 8,000 to 4,000 B.P., are not well documented in the archaeological record of the Central Plains of the United States. Some researchers have suggested that people abandoned the region during this period because of increased aridity and associated displacement of game. However, there is strong evidence that geomorphic processes, particularly erosion and deposition, have greatly affected the preservation and detection of Archaic and younger cultural deposits. Chronostratigraphic evidence gleaned from more than 65 localities reveals spatial and temporal patterns of Holocene erosion and deposition in river basins of the Central Plains. Both of these geomorphic processes, as well as periods of net transport and storage of alluvium, were diachronous within individual drainage basins, but were roughly synchronous in similar-sized streams of the drainage networks. Radiocarbon ages from alluvial fills in valleys of large streams (≥ fourth order) span the Holocene, whereas nearly all of those from alluvial fills associated with small streams (≤ third order) are less than 4,000 years old. The early through mid-Holocene gap in the alluvial chronology of small streams is largely filled when alluvial/colluvial fans are considered. From 9,000 to 4,000 B.P., fans typically developed where first and second-order valleys join large valleys. Although valley erosion and deposition may have several causes, major bioclimatic changes generally explain the pattern of Holocene fluvial activity detected in the alluvial stratigraphic records of the Central Plains. Reduced vegetative cover, combined with infrequent but intense rainfalls during the warm, dry Altithermal (8,000 to 5,000 B.P.), favored erosion and net transport of sediment within small valleys. As mean annual precipitation increased during the late Holocene, vegetation recovered and erosion rates decreased, promoting sediment storage in small valleys. The time-space distribution of alluvial deposits in the Central Plains explains the paucity of documented Archaic sites in the region. Within large valleys, it is likely that most of the Archaic record is deeply buried in early through late Holocene valley fills and alluvial fan deposits. Within small valleys, erosion during the early and middle Holocene probably removed most of the Early and Middle Archaic cultural deposits, and aggradation during the late Holocene favored deep burial of Late Archaic and younger cultural remains. Also, surfaces of landforms that dominate valley bottoms throughout the drainage systems are geologically quite young, often postdating 2,000 B.P. Hence, apparent gaps in the archaeological record may be a result of (1) deep burial of cultural deposits, (2) removal of alluvial deposits that contain cultural materials, and (3) young surfaces dominating valley landscapes.
Geological contexts of the early and middle Holocene archaeological record in North Dakota and adjoining areas of the Northern Plains
Literature pertaining to the archaeological geology of North Dakota and adjacent areas is reviewed to identify geological contexts in which early and middle Holocene sediments, containing Paleo-Indian through Early Archaic sites, are most likely to be found. In upland contexts, early and middle Holocene sediments have been encountered in thick eolian deposits along the Missouri River, and are locally preserved in settings conducive to eolian and colluvial sedimentation, including topographic lows and the lee sides of bluffs and knolls. Most uplands, even along the Missouri Trench, have been dominated by erosion, and most eolian/colluvial deposits are late Holocene in age. Voiding of early and middle Holocene alluvium appears to have occurred in low order and steeply graded valleys like those of the Little Missouri Badlands. In mainstem valleys, early and middle Holocene sediments are often voided or deeply buried, but are preserved in alluvial fans. Shallowly buried early to middle Holocene alluvium may be most extensive in the lower to middle reaches of tributaries to the major rivers.
Landscape development and the location of evidence of Archaic cultures in the Upper Midwest
Regional patterns of Holocene landscape evolution are superimposed on Archaic Period cultural patterns of settlement and material discard resulting in the archaeological record preserved today. In the Upper Midwest, Archaic remains are abundant on upland hillslopes and exhibit spatial and temporal patterning at scales of both individual hillslope components and interfluves in response to development of Holocene erosion surfaces. Broad upland divides exhibit a paucity of Archaic deposits; whether this is due to a lack of occupation or to shallow burial by eolian, sheetflood, or pedogenic processes has yet to be demonstrated. Intact Archaic deposits are rarely found on modern ground surfaces of colluvial slopes, alluvial fans, and flood plains, but are frequently found buried and well preserved within deposits comprising these landforms. Net aggradation of these landform-sediment assemblages occurred during the early and middle Holocene in response to climatic and vegetation change, and as internal response of the fluvial system to changes in water and sediment supply. Pulses of sediment delivered to the drainage network were genetically related to Holocene erosion surfaces developing on the valley slopes. Archaic deposits are buried in major river valleys of the region, except where they occur on late Wisconsinan terraces. Because of the myriad of interacting factors and often unique late Pleistocene history of large valleys, many of their landforms tend to be idiosyncratic details of morphology and evolution, both spatially and temporally. Patterns of post-Archaic landscape changes also affected the record of the Archaic in systematic ways. Hillslopes were subject to only limited sheetflood erosion and sedimentation, whereas low- to medium-order drainages and their alluvial fans were incised in response to increased runoff and gully erosion. As a result, early and middle Holocene Archaic-bearing valley sediments were partially removed and the remaining flood plains and fan surfaces became relict landscape elements.
Evidence for environmental conditions in the Saint Lawrence Valley between 8,000 and 3,000 B.P. comes from three sources: (1) pollen stratigraphy, (2) macro and microfossils found at archaeological sites, and (3) association of the latter with geological features that can be used to reconstruct conditions of occupation. The Archaic Period is included in the Hypsithermal interval when assumed mean annual temperatures exceeded those of the present. Evidence available from pollen data suggests that the early inhabitants of the Saint Lawrence Valley were not influenced by this phenomenon as there is no agricultural activity before 3,000 B.P. Some changes in the cultural systems may be related to climatic fluctuations but the nomadic way of life prevailed throughout the whole period. The Archaic Period is divided into four subperiods: the Early Archaic, which is contemporaneous with the Late Paleoindian Period, extends from 10,000 to 8,000 B.P.; the Middle Archaic (8,000 to 6,000 B.P.); the Late Archaic (6,000 to 4,000 B.P.); and the Terminal Archaic (4,000 to 3,000 B.P.) By 8,000 B.P., freshwater species were available in the valley as well as in numerous lakes of the Canadian Shield where the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) had become landlocked. Large mammals like deer, moose, and caribou were available in the forest from the Great Lakes to Gaspé, as well as beaver, porcupine, and hare. The present configuration of the Saint Lawrence River system was probably attained between 8,000 to 6,000 B.P. in the Montréal area. After 7,000 B.P., only minor fluctuations of the water level are recorded. However, these variations had great impact on the archaeological record. Many known archaeological sites are associated with beach ridges at low level along the shores of the Champlain and Goldthwait Seas or the ancestral Saint Lawrence River. The Archaic Period was characterized by a permanent occupation of the lowlands bordering the Saint Lawrence and by a growth in total population. The relations between physical environments and cultural systems are thus crucial if we want to discuss the evolution of adaptive strategies in the Saint Lawrence Valley where minor fluctuations of water level drastically change the landscape.
Archaic Period sites on the continental shelf of North America: The effect of relative sea-level changes on archaeological site locations and preservation
This paper addresses the question, “Where on the continental shelf of North America will archaeological sites dating from the Archaic Period (8,000 to 3,000 B.P.) occur and be preserved?” The comparative analysis of published relative sea-level curves for North America indicates there is a general trend from north to south of paleoshorelines becoming deeper due to the overwhelming influence of isostatic uplift in northern North America. The relative sea-level curves are grouped into three isostatic zones after Bloom (1977), that define broad geographic areas within which the relative sea-level data reflect similar trends. Isostatic uplift in most areas of the northernmost zone, Isostatic Zone A, has been so great as to almost preclude prehistoric archaeological site potential on the continental shelf. However, relative sea-level data for the more southern Isostatic Zones B and C indicate that Archaic Period archaeological sites may exist as deep as 22 m below present mean sea level.