Abstract The island of Crete represents a horst structure located in the central forearc of the retreating Hellenic subduction zone. The structure and dynamics of the plate boundary in the area of Crete are investigated by receiver function, surface wave and microseismicity using temporary seismic networks. Here the results are summarized and implications for geodynamic models are discussed. The oceanic Moho of the subducted African plate is situated at a depth of about 50–60 km beneath Crete. The continental crust of the overriding Aegean lithosphere is about 35 km thick in eastern and central Crete, and typical crustal velocities are observed down to the upper surface of the downgoing slab beneath western Crete. A negative phase at about 4 s in receiver functions occurring in stripes parallel to the trend of the island points to low-velocity slices within the Aegean lithosphere. Interplate seismicity is spread out about 100 km updip from the southern coastline of Crete. To the south of western Crete, this seismically active zone corresponds to the inferred rupture plane of the magnitude 8 earthquake of ad 365. In contrast, interplate motion appears to be largely aseismic beneath the island. The coastline of Crete mimics the shape of a microseismically quiet realm in the Aegean lithosphere at 20–40 km depth, suggesting a relation between active processes at this depth range and uplift. The peculiar properties of the lithosphere and the plate interface beneath Crete are tentatively attributed to extrusion of material from a subduction channel, driving differential uplift of the island by several kilometres since about 4 Ma.