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ABSTRACT Glaciogenic rocks are rare in the Appalachian area and occur only locally as parts of Upper Precambrian and Upper Devonian successions. This trip examines a relatively recent exposure of Upper Devonian glaciogenic diamictites and laminites along Corridor H (U.S. Highway 48) in east-central West Virginia, USA. The diamictites occur in the Rockwell Member of the Price Formation, in transition with the underlying redbeds of the Upper Devonian Hampshire Formation. Palynology indicates that all parts of the Rockwell Member exposed at the locality are present in the Retispora lepidophyta – Verrucosisporites nitidus (LN) Miospore Biozone and are, therefore, of Late Devonian, but not latest Devonian, age. This biozone occurrence indicates correlation with parts of the Oswayo Member of the Price Formation, the Finzel tongue of the Rockwell Formation, and with dropstone-bearing parts of the Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale in northeastern Kentucky. Much previous work supports a glaciogenic origin for the diamictites and associated sediments, which occur as parts of a shallow-marine incursion that ended the Hampshire/Catskill alluvial-plain/deltaic complex across much of the Central Appalachian area. The glaciogenic succession is part of nearshore, marginal-marine strata that accumulated in an embayment during the Cleveland-Oswayo-Finzel transgression, which represents a global eustatic sea-level rise and foreland subsidence related to Acadian/Neoacadian deformational loading in the adjacent orogen. Detrital-zircon-provenance data from the diamictites indicate Ordovician plutonic sources as well as reworked Neoproterozoic to Ordovician sedimentary sources that can only have been derived from nearby Inner Piedmont sources like the Potomac terrane. This provenance suggests that Acadian/Neoacadian convergence of the exotic Carolina terrane with the New York and Virginia promontories along the southeastern margin of Laurussia not only uplifted Inner Piedmont source areas into a high mountain range capable of supporting glaciation in a subtropical setting, but also, through deformational loading, enhanced regional subsidence and the incursion of shallow seas that allowed alpine glaciers access to the open sea.
Kasimovian floristic change in tropical wetlands and the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian Boundary Event
Abstract A threshold-like vegetational change in tropical wetlands occurred in the early Kasimovian (the US Desmoinesian–Missourian boundary) – Event 3. Two earlier significant changes occurred, first in the mid-Moscovian (Atokan–Desmoinesian; ∼Bolsovian–Asturian) – Event 1, and the second in the late Moscovian (mid-Desmoinesian; mid-Asturian) – Event 2. These changes occurred during a time period of dynamic and complex physical change in Euramerican Pangaea driven by changes in polar ice volume and accompanying changes in sea level, atmospheric circulation, rainfall, and temperature. During the Event 3 change, hyperbolized as ‘the Carboniferous rainforest collapse’, lycopsid dominance of (mostly peat) swamps changed to marattialean tree-fern and medullosan pteridosperm dominance, and biodiversity decreased. Event 3 encompassed one glacial–interglacial cycle and included vegetational turnover in other wetland habitats. For several subsequent glacial–interglacial cycles peatland dominance varied, known from palynology, before stabilizing. These vegetational changes likely reflect climatic events driving unidirectional, non-reversible wetland vegetational changes, during cooler, wetter parts of glacial–interglacial cycles. Discussion is complicated by different placements of crucial stratigraphic boundaries, but under the same names, compromising both clear communication and understanding of the literature. Not the least is the floating base of the Cantabrian Substage, together with the position of the Westphalian–Stephanian Stage boundary.
Rare Earth and Critical Element Chemistry of the Volcanic Ash-fall Parting in the Fire Clay Coal, Eastern Kentucky, USA
Appalachian coal bed palynofloras: changes in composition through time and comparison with other areas
Abstract This paper presents a summary of palynological data for Pennsylvanian age coal beds in the Appalachian Basin, discussed primarily from a biostratigraphic perspective. Coal bed palynofloras of Lower Pennsylvanian through early Permian age are compared and correlated with miospore assemblage zones established for western Europe, and the Eastern Interior (Illinois) and Western Interior Basins of the mid-continent USA. Lower Pennsylvanian palynofloras, which are dominated by lycopsid spores, are correlative with the Langsettian of western Europe and the Morrowan of the Eastern and Western Interior mid-continent USA Basins. Stratigraphically useful palynotaxa include Dictyotriletes bireticulatus , Radiizonates striatus , Schulzospora rara , Granasporites medius , Laevigatosporites minor and Endosporites globiformis . Middle Pennsylvanian palynofloras change through time, being lycopsid dominant in the lower part and more heterogeneous in the middle and upper parts with increased contributions from other Pennsylvanian plant groups. They are correlative with the Duckmantian, Bolsovian and Asturian of western Europe and the Atokan and Desmoinesian of the Eastern and Western Interior mid-continent USA Basins. Stratigraphically useful palynotaxa include Secarisporites remotus , Microreticulatisporites sulcatus , Vestispora fenestrata , Triquitrites sculptilis , Laevigatosporites globosus , Radiizonates difformis , Torispora securis , Triquitrites minutus , Mooreisporites inusitatus , Murospora kosankei , Thymospora pseudothiessenii and Schopfites dimorphus . Upper Pennsylvanian and lower Permian coal beds in the Appalachian Basin, in contrast to their Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian counterparts, are strongly dominated by tree fern spore palynotaxa. Palynofloras correlate with the Stephanian and Autunian of western Europe and the Missourian, Virgilian and Wolcampian of the Eastern and Western Interior mid-continent USA Basins.
Molecular and isotopic gas composition of the Devonian Berea Sandstone and implications for gas evolution, eastern Kentucky
Organic petrology and geochemistry of the Sunbury and Ohio Shales in eastern Kentucky and southeastern Ohio
Oil–source correlation studies in the shallow Berea Sandstone petroleum system, eastern Kentucky
ABSTRACT This trip explores three different occurrences of a diamictite-bearing unit in the transition between Upper Devonian redbeds of the Hampshire Formation (alluvial and fluvial deposits) and Mississippian sandstones and mudstones of the Price/Pocono Formations (deltaic deposits). Palynology indicates that all the diamictites examined are in the LE and LN miospore biozones, and are therefore of Late Devonian, but not latest Devonian, age. Their occurrence in these biozones indicates correlation with the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale, Oswayo Member of the Price Formation, and Finzel tongue of the Rockwell Formation in the central Appalachian Basin and with a large dropstone (the Robinson boulder) in the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale in northeastern Kentucky. Although several lines of evidence already support a glaciogenic origin for the diamictites, the coeval occurrence of the dropstone in open-marine strata provides even more convincing evidence of a glacial origin. The diamictites are all coeval and occur as parts of a shallow-marine incursion that ended Hampshire/Catskill alluvial-plain accumulation in most areas; however, at least locally, alluvial redbed accumulation continued after diamictite deposition ended. The diamictites are parts of nearshore, marginal-marine strata that accumulated during the Cleveland-Oswayo-Finzel transgression, which is related to global eustasy and to foreland deformational loading during the late Acadian orogeny. Detrital zircon data from clasts in a diamictite at Stop 3 (Bismarck, West Virginia) indicate likely Inner Piedmont, Ordovician plutonic sources and suggest major Acadian uplift of Inner Piedmont sources during convergence of the exotic Carolina terrane with the New York and Virginia promontories. Hence, the Acadian orogeny not only generated high mountain source areas capable of supporting glaciation in a subtropical setting, but also through deformational foreland loading, abetted regional subsidence and the incursion of shallow seas that allowed mountain glaciers access to the open sea.
Compositional variability of Middle Pennsylvanian coal beds near the north-west margin of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field, Central Appalachian Basin, USA
The use of glycol ethers to help reduce amorphous organic matter (AOM) in palynological preparations
Dryland vegetation from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana (Illinois Basin): the dryland biome in glacioeustatic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoecologic context
A Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage from wetland deposits in Indiana (Illinois Basin): a taxonomic contribution with biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoecologic implications
Lower Devonian coaly shales of northern New Brunswick, Canada: plant accumulations in the early stages of Terrestrial colonization
REPLY: NO MAJOR STRATIGRAPHIC GAP EXISTS NEAR THE MIDDLE–UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN (DESMOINESIAN–MISSOURIAN) BOUNDARY IN NORTH AMERICA: PALAIOS, v. 26, no. 3, p. 125–139, 2011
NO MAJOR STRATIGRAPHIC GAP EXISTS NEAR THE MIDDLE–UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN (DESMOINESIAN–MISSOURIAN) BOUNDARY IN NORTH AMERICA
Pennsylvanian paleokarst and cave fills from northern Illinois, USA: A window into late Carboniferous environments and landscapes
Anomalous cold in the Pangaean tropics: REPLY: REPLY
Abstract In gas shales, natural gas occurs both as free gas in intergranular and fracture porosity and as an adsorbed phase onto the surfaces of clays and organic matter, analogous to natural gas storage in coalbeds. The adsorption capacity of shales from Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia was estimated using drill cuttings and sidewall cores to determine both CO 2 and CH 4 adsorption isotherms. Elemental capture spectroscopy logs were analyzed to investigate possible correlations between adsorption capacity and mineralogy. The maturity of the shale was characterized using average random vitrinite reflectance data yielding values ranging from 0.78 to 1.59 (upper oil to wet gas and condensate hydrocarbon maturity values). Total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges from 0.69 to 14%. Calculated CO 2 adsorption capacities at 2.75 MPa range from a low of 0.4 m 3 /t (14.1 ft 3 /t) to more than 4.2 m 3 /t (148.3 ft 3 /t). A direct linear correlation between measured TOC and the adsorption capacity of the shale has been determined; CO 2 adsorption capacity increases with increasing TOC. Data also suggest that CO 2 is preferentially adsorbed (5.3:1) and would displace CH 4 , leading to a potential method for enhancing natural gas recovery in gas shales. Initial estimates of the volume of CO 2 sequesterable in the shale based on these data indicate a capacity of as much as 25 billion t in the deeper and thicker parts of the Devonian shales across Kentucky. Discounting the uncertainties in reservoir volume and injection efficiency, these results indicate that gas shales could provide a potentially large geologic sink for CO 2 . Moreover, the extensive occurrence of gas shales in Paleozoic and Mesozoic basins across North America makes them an attractive regional target for economic CO 2 storage and enhanced natural gas production.
Anomalous cold in the Pangaean tropics
Appalachian sedimentary cycles during the Pennsylvanian: Changing influences of sea level, climate, and tectonics
Various orders of marine flooding surface–bounded depositional sequences are recognized in coal-bearing, Pennsylvanian-age strata of the greater Appalachian Basin. The best preserved of these from the Lower Pennsylvanian are in the southern and central Appalachians; Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothemic sequences are best preserved in the central Appalachians; and Upper Pennsylvanian cyclothemic sequences are best preserved in the northern Appalachians. Palynological and lithostratigraphic correlations to global time scales have been used to infer eustatic controls on accumulation of cyclothem-scale sequences in each of these areas, albeit with significant tectonic and climatic overprints. New U-Pb absolute age dates from upper Lower Pennsylvanian and Middle Pennsylvanian tonsteins in the central basin can be used to infer an average maximum duration of 0.1 m.y. for minor transgressive-regressive depositional cycles, which supports the possibility of short eccentricity-driven eustatic influences on sedimentation. Although glacial eustasy influenced Pennsylvanian sedimentation throughout the basin, the thickness, lateral continuity, and constituent facies of high-frequency depositional cycles were strongly influenced by changing rates of tectonic accommodation in at least three depocenters, sediment flux, and changing paleoclimate.