NEWFOUNDLAND, the tenth largest island of the Earth, was discovered by John Cabot, June 24, 1497, five years after Columbus had found the New World. England took formal possession of the island in 1583, and it is the oldest British colony. Its population of 263,000 is scattered, in the main, along its 6000 miles of intricate coast line. Lying in front of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which has an average depth of over 600 feet, Newfoundland is separated from the continent and Labrador by the Strait of Belle Isle, twelve miles wide at its narrowest point, and from Cape Breton by Cabot Strait, the width of which is 95 miles. ( See map, Fig. 1.) It is usually regarded as the northeasternmost outlier of the Appalachian province. PREVIOUS WORK The first to make an extensive study of the geology was James Richardson, who spent the summers of 1861 to 1863 in western Newfoundland for the Geological Survey of Canada. The first printed announcement of his results, by Elkanah Billings, 1 dealt with the Lower Cambrian fossils of southeastern Labrador. Richardson’s field results were prepared for publication by Sir William Logan, and appeared in 1863 in the latter’s well known Geology of Canada. This work will always remain the foundation for the stratigraphy of western Newfoundland. The Geological Survey of Newfoundland was founded by Sir William Logan, who, on request of the local government, sent Alexander Murray to the island in 1864. Murray labored alone until 1869, when James . . .

Abstract A brief outline is given of our present knowledge of the constitution of the interior of the earth and of the physical states of matter, which we have to consider. The insufficiency of the contraction theory to explain the surficial history of the earth, and particularly the problem of the major mountain chains, is exposed. The continental drift theories of F. B. Taylor, Alfred Wegener, and R. A. Daly are outlined in their latest aspect. Wegener’s views have been most widely published and worked out in the greatest detail. A discussion follows of the main arguments which have been proposed in support of the drift theories, as well as of some of the principal objections. The most serious of the latter is the lack of sufficient explanation for the mechanism of a drift of the magnitude of the acid continental crust (“sial”) over a solid , basic substratum (“sima”). A discussion of the theory presented by John Joly (1923-25), reaches the conclusion of a periodicity of fluidity and solidification of the basic (sima) substratum, caused by the generation of heat through radioactive changes in the atoms. This heat accumulates faster than it can dissipate into space, and through a period roughly estimated at 30 million years, will cause the sima sphere to become fluid under the outer sial crust. This should greatly increase the forces which tend to cause a locally differentiated westward drift of the outer crust and their effect, actual drift. In fact, if Joly’s thermal theory is right, such drift seems the only means by which accumulated heat can sufficiently be relieved and dissipated into space. It is calculated that, given sufficient drift, a period of 5 million years would suffice to re-solidify the basic substratum. These alternate periods of fusion and re-solidification are causally connected with the main world-wide diastrophisms, Joly’s “revolutions.” If Joly’s reasoning is correct, a general westward drift becomes a necessity, and a locally differentiated drift most probable. This would support the drift theories and eliminate the worst objection to them. There are, however, objections to some of Joly’s views. This is worked out and added to in greater detail; the author adds further conclusions of his own; the causes of relatively differentiated drift are discussed, not only as between the major continents, but also intra-continental, more local drift, its relations to isostasy, and the general continental deformation it must cause. Shifting of the earth’s poles need only be relative, and does not necessarily imply major changes in the location of the earth’s axis of rotation in space, thereby eliminating another objection against Köppen-Wegener’s plausible theory of geological climates. There is no necessity for dislocating the earth’s axis. The position of the author is as follows: he considers the theory of inter-continental drift worthy of very serious consideration and gradually has come to regard it ever more favorably. It offers a plausible explanation for several problems, never satisfactorily explained before. The results of further thought and geological research seem increasingly to support this theory, rather than to oppose it. Serious objections become ever more weakened by further research. In this spirit the theory is offered for serious discussion here in America, where, so far, it has found but scant support. The author realizes that no such theory is ever a finished product or perfect; he approaches it with an open mind and will welcome anyone’s argument in order to come nearer the truth. He offers his own thoughts and additions in the same spirit.

Abstract After considering the theory of continental drift with avowed impartiality, the author concludes by means of geophysical, geological and paleontologic reasoning that it should be rejected, because the original suggestion of the idea sprang from a similarity of form (coast lines of Africa and South America) which in itself constitutes no demonstration, because such a drift would have destroyed the similarity by faulting, and because other contradictions destroy the necessary consequences of the hypothesis.

Abstract A brief synopsis is given of the objections to the Wegener drift theory. It is not a general theory of earth behavior; it is a description of only one breaking up of a land mass, which does not satisfactorily fit the facts as now known and does not fit in the generally accepted record of geological time. The framework of the present continents was developed in pre-Cambrian time. Geological evidence does not show that a great continental mass split apart in comparatively late time. Geophysical evidence does not support the causes assigned to the drift displacement. The author indicates that the planetesimal hypothesis sufficiently explains the known crustal shortening of the earth. The planetesimal hypothesis is an integral part of comprehensive geological philosophy, but Wegener’s hypothesis is not.

Abstract The thought is expressed that continental movement is not improbable during periods of fluid movement. A force sufficient to wrinkle the western side of North and South America would be competent to shift these continents as a whole.

Abstract The author stresses the inadequacy of the hypothesis in that it postulates primarily a westward drift. He points to the mid-Atlantic ridge as the old line of separation from which America drifted west and Africa drifted east. A similar line of separation or great rift valley may now be forming in East Africa. The author is rather favorably inclined toward the drift theory, but he would not confine the movement to a westerly direction.

Abstract The Wegener hypothesis would explain the distribution of land and water by lateral drift of the continents. The author believes the present distribution is more largely the result of vertical movements of the crust. He does not positively object to the hypothesis but points out that vertical movement or differential rising and subsiding of crustal blocks due to a shrinking earth would have the same effect as lateral drift.