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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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In the late 1950s to early 1960s, there was a paradigm shift in the study of caves and karst. Instead of a science of speleology, the focus changed to using caves and their contents to provide information of much wider geological interest. Cave and karst science has also borrowed heavily from other sciences. One technique that was borrowed was the restructuring of carbonate chemistry to define saturation index, CO 2 partial pressure, and other parameters that are widely used to describe karst waters. Equilibrium chemistry was followed by chemical kinetics, which proved to be the key to understanding the development of conduit systems. Karst hydrology was advanced by recognizing the importance of the karst drainage basin in surface water–groundwater interactions and the hydrodynamics of conduit flow. Much new interpretation was made possible with data provided by greatly improved tracer techniques. Karst hydrology has moved from qualitative descriptions to computer models that take account of matrix, fracture, and conduit permeability. Sediment and contaminant transport as well as new understanding of sinkhole collapses and other land-use hazards have become part of the hydrogeologic framework of karst. All aspects of cave and karst science have been revolutionized by the development of accurate dating methods for speleothems and for clastic sediments in caves. Following from the dating techniques, one of the most important developments has been the use of speleothems as paleoclimate archives.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SPELEOTHEMS AND MINERALIZATION OF BRECCIA PIPES: EVIDENCE FROM CORKSCREW CAVE, ARIZONA, USA
The central questions of karst hydrology concern (1) recharge, storage, and flow of groundwater in contemporary aquifers, (2) identification of geologic constraints on groundwater storage and flow paths, and (3) understanding of how aquifers evolve through time and the relation of this evolution to the evolution of interconnected surface-water basins. Karst aquifers generally display matrix, fracture, and conduit permeability with contrasts in effective hydraulic conductivity of many orders of magnitude. Dispersed recharge into the matrix and fracture permeability provides most of the storage and a slow-response flow system, while point recharge into the conduit system provides quick flow and little storage. A current question is how to describe these components of permeability and the interchange of groundwater between them. Groundwater basins can be delineated by tracer studies and geologic boundary conditions. Progress is being made on the quantitative, fluid mechanics description of conduit flow. The evolution of karst aquifers is a mainly chemical process, with some transport of insoluble clastics by high-velocity conduit waters. The equilibrium carbonate chemistry has been well established for a long time, including accurate values for equilibrium constants. Conduits, shafts, and solutionally modified fractures are the result of differential dissolution rates. Geochemically satisfactory descriptions of dissolution kinetics have been established, so that the evolution of karst aquifers through time can be accurately described. Overall, a comprehensive model for karst aquifer behavior seems to be within sight.
Conductivity and sediment variation during storms as evidence of pathways to karst springs
Storms create stresses on karst systems that can alter the pathways and travel-times of water, solutes, and sediment. Flow contribution during storms is not only a matter of activation of new conduits, but is also a complex combination of water from conduits, enlarged fractures, and fractured matrix. In order to obtain evidence of pathway changes, we sampled three karst springs of varying size and maturity using data loggers for conductivity and water level, and storm water samplers for suspended sediment. The largest spring (Arch Spring) had the lowest conductivity of the three springs, indicating mainly conduit pathways at base flow. The high conductivity of base flow at the Nolte and Bushkill Springs pointed to contributions from slower-moving water in the fractured matrix. During storms, Arch Spring showed a consistent pattern of conductivity with a slight increase, then a large decrease, indicating an initial fracture flush of high-conductivity water, then passage of low-conductivity water from the precipitation. During storms, the conductivity of the middle-sized spring (Nolte Spring) either dropped immediately, or increased sharply then declined as storm water reached the spring. The smallest spring (Bushkill Spring) had a predictable conductivity pattern, with a sharp decrease and gradual recovery, suggesting shorter paths during storms than base flow. Sediment concentrations during storms were lowest at Nolte Spring and higher at Bushkill and Arch Springs, indicative of the fast flow through conduits or enlarged fractures suggested by the latter two springs during storms. The storm-water pathways vary from spring to spring and from storm to storm. These data show the importance of continuous monitoring to understand spring behavior.
Comparative storm response of contaminants in a carbonate aquifer, Fort Campbell, Kentucky-Tennessee
Storm-influenced concentrations of nitrate and three volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined at seven carbonate springs located on or near the Fort Campbell Army Base spanning the western Kentucky-Tennessee border. Nitrate concentrations varied considerably from spring to spring and generally were diluted during storm flow. VOCs identified in water included trichloroethene (TCE), perchloroethene (PCE), and chloroform, all at concentrations near the detection limit. Within analytical constraints, VOCs remained constant through storm hydrographs, although limited dilution may have taken place. Organic compounds were detected, however, in spring sediments, even when they were not detected in the associated water. Combining these results with previous work, we conclude that storm chemographs for nitrate and VOCs may differ from the more commonly studied carbonate parameters and that sediments play a key role in the storage of contaminants at springs.
First reported sedimentary occurrence of berlinite (AlPO 4 ) in phosphate-bearing sediments from Cioclovina Cave, Romania
LUMINESCENCE.: Edited by G. Remond, L. Balk, and D.J. Marshall. Scanning Microscopy Supplement 9, Proceedings of the 13 th Pfefferkorn Conference, 1995. Softbound, 286 p. $66 U.S.
CAVE MINERALS OF THE WORLD, 2 nd Edition.: By Carol Hill and Paolo Forti. National Speleological Society, Huntsville, AL, 463 p. ISBN number: 1-879961-07-5. $70.00.
Leonite [K 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 · 4 H 2 O], konyaite [Na 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 · 5 H 2 O] and syngenite [K 2 Ca(SO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O] from Tausoare Cave, Rodnei Mts, Romania
Depositional environment for metatyuyamunite and related minerals from Caverns of Sonora, TX (USA)
Optical band gaps of selected ternary sulfide minerals
Determination of stream-incision rate in the Appalachian plateaus by using cave-sediment magnetostratigraphy
Infrared vibrational characterization and synthesis of a family of hydrous alkali uranyl silicates and hydrous uranyl silicate minerals
Precise chronology of the last interglacial period: 234 U- 230 Th data from fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas
Middle Pennsylvanian recurrent uplift of the, Ouachita fold belt and basin subsidence in, the Arkoma basin, Oklahoma
Structure of Na in aluminosilicate glasses; a far-infrared reflectance spectroscopic study
Landform development; Karst
Abstract Karst landscapes are the foremost examples of ground-water erosion on this planet. The sculpturing and removal of bedrock is predominantly by solution, aided in some cases by soil piping and collapse. Karst landforms develop best in limestones and dolomites, gypsum, and salt. Carbonate rocks crop out over approximately 10 p.rcent of the earth’s land area and are found in most nations and all climatic regions. It is estimated that 25 p.rcent of the world's population depends on fresh water in karst aquifers. Karst rocks and their contained minerals, oil, and gas are of considerable importance to the extractive industries, while caves and other karst features have been of great cultural significance. Karst aquifers are the mavericks of hydrogeology. Closed depressions input a recharge that is intermediate between the classic ideas of infiltration and surface runoff. Integrated conduit systems act as short circuits for the ground-water flow system. Conduits are gross heterogeneities in the permeability distribution, and flow within them does not obey Darcy’s Law. The purpose of this chapter is to outline some of the geomorphic features of karst areas and to indicate their relationship to karstic aquifers. Recent English language books on karst studies include Sweeting (1972), Ford and Cullingford (1976), Bögli (1980), Milanović (1981), Jennings (1985), James and Choquette (1988), and White (1988).