Following their introduction and development in the 1970s and 1980s, surface complexation models have been used for a diverse range of practical applications, from engineering analyses to interpretation of geochemical data to reactive transport modeling for inorganic contaminants in surface water and groundwater systems. The use of surface complexation models (SCMs) in practical applications has evolved and expanded steadily. As experience with practical application of SCMS has been gained, approaches for addressing the complexity of real systems have been developed and learned. Three general approaches have been used for practical applications of scms: the multisurface (or component additivity) approach, the...
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