Organic matter (OM), originating from sources such as plant residues, organisms, microbial exudates, decomposed biomass, and humic substances, or synthesized by humans, provides ligands that coordinate heavy metal (HM) ions through surface complexation reactions. The interactions between sites on organic surfaces and metal ions in aqueous systems influence numerous processes including contaminant transport and transformation, nutrient availability, and chemical reactions occurring at the interfaces between solids and water. Understanding surface complexation phenomena is essential for comprehending and predicting the behavior of HMs within aqueous and terrestrial environments. Moreover, organic surfaces can bind metal ions through complexation, stabilizing organic carbon compounds...

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