Adsorption reactions on minerals play crucial roles in regulating concentrations of dissolved metal ions and (in)organic ligands in natural waters. Models that accurately predict reaction products and yields over a wide range of geochemical conditions are strongly needed to understand the fate, transport and cycling of elements, contaminants and nutrients in nature (Sposito 1984, 2005; Stumm 1992; Brown et al. 1999; Al-Abadleh and Grassian 2003; Bañuelos et al. 2023). They are also needed to advance fundamental ideas on geochemically important mechanisms, including mineral dissolution, crystal growth, particle aggregation/flocculation, and interfacial electron transfer (...

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