Generation and extraction of partial melts from the interior of rocky planets are essential steps for supplying heat and life-essential nutrients to the surface environments. Mantle-derived partial melts dissolve key volatile elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur and when brought to the surface or near-surface conditions, liberate them as gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These gases influence the composition of the atmosphere–ocean systems, silicate-weathering feedback, (Walker et al. 1981) and/or ocean chemistry, thereby affecting the climate on...
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