Hydrothermal ore deposits have provided some of the first geological evidence for the interaction of multiple fluids in the Earth’s interior, including fluid mixing as well as fluid phase separation. Physical evidence comes from veins and breccias documenting the impact of fluids in breaking rocks and creating fracture permeability for ore formation, as a result of the fluid expansion that is commonly associated with phase separation between melts and multiple fluids. Chemical evidence of fluid–fluid interaction includes the precipitation of minerals in veins as a result of fluid boiling or mixing between chemically contrasting fluids. Fluid inclusions record interactions of...
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