Hydrogen is a major constituent in a wide variety of minerals in the Earth’s crust. Usually H is bonded to oxygen forming H2O molecules or OH− groups. In rare cases, H3O+, H3O2− and H5O2+ units are also formed. The occurrence of NH4+, CHx, etc. in minerals will not be considered here. Hydrogen occurs stoichiometrically in hydrous compounds such as hydrates (e.g., gypsum), (oxy)hydroxides (e.g., goethite), and in many rock-forming silicates (e.g., micas), as well as in nonstoichiometric major amounts in...
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