The information given here is provided by the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification for comparative purposes and as a service to mineralogists working on new species.
Each mineral is described in the following format:
Mineral name, if the authors agree on its release prior to the full description appearing in press
Chemical formula
Type locality
Full authorship of proposal
E-mail address of corresponding author
Relationship to other minerals
Crystal system, Space group; Structure determined, yes or no
Unit-cell parameters
Strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern
Type specimen repository and specimen number
Citation details for the mineral prior to publication of full description
Citation details concern the fact that this information will be published in the Mineralogical Magazine on a routine basis, as well as being added month by month to the Commission's web site.
It is still a requirement for the authors to publish a full description of the new mineral.
NO OTHER INFORMATION WILL BE RELEASED BY THE COMMISSION
NEW MINERAL PROPOSALS APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2016
IMA No. 2016-063
Epifanovite
NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2]·7H2O
Kester tin deposit, Arga-Ynnykh-Khai massif, Sakha Republic, Russia
Victor N. Yakovenchuk, Yakov A. Pakhomovsky, Nataliya G. Konoplyova, Taras L. Panikirovskii, Julia A. Mikhailova, Vladimir N. Bocharov, Sergey V. Krivovichev and Gregory Y. Ivanyuk*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Related to sampleite and andyrobertsite
Monoclinic: P21/m; structure determined
a = 9.6911(8), b = 9.7547(9), c = 9.963(1) Å, β = 102.24(1)°
9.73(100), 6.79(35), 4.355(12), 3.072(43), 3.061(24), 3.003(24), 2.698(11), 2.405(10)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Mineralogical Museum of the St. Petersburg State University, Russia, catalogue No. 19658/1
How to cite: Yakovenchuk, V.N., Pakhomovsky, Y.A., Konoplyova, N.G., Panikirovskii, T.L., Mikhailova, J.A., Bocharov, V.N., Krivovichev, S.V. and Ivanyuk, G.Y. (2016) Epifanovite, IMA 2016-063. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-064
Leesite
K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O
Jomac mine, Brown's Rim, White Canyon mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°51′43″N, 110°19′10″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Patrick Haynes, Anthony R. Kampf, Tyler Spano, Jakub Plášil, Shawn M. Carlson, Peter C. Burns, Antonio Simonetti and Owen P. Mills
*E-mail: [email protected]
Known synthetic Na analogue
Orthorhombic: Pbca; structure determined
a = 14.866(7), b = 14.126(7), c = 16.772(8) Å
7.45(92), 3.713(24), 3.566(65), 3.219(100), 2.578(28), 2.043(36), 1.982(25), 1.801(18)
Cotype material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, USA, catalogue numbers 66285, 66286 and 66287, and the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Socorro, USA, catalogue number 19029
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Haynes, P., Kampf, A.R., Spano, T., Plášil, J., Carlson, S.M., Burns, P.C., Simonetti, A. and Mills, O.P. (2016) Leesite, IMA 2016-064. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-065
Vondechenite
Cu4CaCl2(OH)8·4H2O
Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (50°21′6″N, 7°14′2″E)
Jochen Schlüter*, Thomas Malcherek, Dieter Pohl and Christof Schäfer
*E-mail: [email protected]
New structure type
Orthorhombic: Cmcm; structure determined
a = 6.653(1), b =15.034(3), c = 6.611(1) Å
7.596(100), 3.070(39), 2.520(49), 2.484(66), 1.730(39), 1.485(29)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Mineralogical Museum of the University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany, catalogue number MM 1366
How to cite: Schlüter, J., Malcherek, T., Pohl, D. and Schäfer, C. (2016) Vondechenite, IMA 2016-065. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-066
Murakamiite
Ca2LiSi3O8(OH)
Iwagi Islet, Ehime Prefecture, Japan (34.263°N, 133.161°E)
Teruyoshi Imaoka*, Mariko Nagashima, Takashi Kano, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Qing Chang and Chihiro Fukuda
*E-mail: [email protected]
The Li analogue of pectolite
Triclinic: P; structure determined
a = 7.9098(2), b = 7.0320(2), c = 6.9863(2) Å, α = 90.596(2), β = 95.589(2), γ = 102.767(2)°
6.962(15), 3.845(20), 3.476(16), 3.295(41), 3.225(33), 3.055(49), 2.897(100), 2.284(19)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan, specimen numbers NSM M44916
How to cite: Imaoka, T., Nagashima, M., Kano, T., Kimura, J.-I., Chang, Q. and Fukuda, C. (2016) Murakamiite, IMA 2016-066. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-067
Machiite
Al2Ti3O9
Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, fell at Murchison, Victoria, Australia (36°37′S, 145°12′E)
Alexander N. Krot
*E-mail: [email protected]
The Al analogue of schreyerite
Monoclinic: C2/c
a = 17.102, b = 5.025, c = 7.058 Å, β = 106.6°
8.195(100), 4.097(51), 3.382(41), 2.881(79), 2.745(79), 2.512(30), 2.436(44), 1.698(35)
Type material is deposited in the meteorite collections of the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA, Murchison section UH80
How to cite: Knot, A.N. (2016) Machiite, IMA 2016-067. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-068
Calciojohillerite
NaCaMg3(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka peninsula, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Natalia N. Koshlyakova, Atali A. Agakhanov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy, Marina F. Vigasina, Anna G. Turchkova, Evgeny G. Sidorov and Dmitry Y. Pushcharovsky
*E-mail: [email protected]
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 11.8405(3), b = 12.7836(2), c = 6.6916(2) Å, β = 112.425 (3)°
3.509(16), 3.220(19), 2.910(17), 2.758(100), 2.735(25), 2.620(12), 1.661(16), 1.582(11)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 4893/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Koshlyakova, N.N., Agakhanov, A.A., Zubkova, N.V., Belakovskiy, D.I., Vigasina, M.F., Turchkova, A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Pushcharovsky, D.Y. (2016) Calciojohillerite, IMA 2016-068. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-069
Oxy-foitite
□(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Cooma metamorphic Complex, Cooma, New South Wales, Australia (36°14′S, 149°7′E)
Ferdinando Bosi*, Henrik Skogby and Ulf Hålenius
*E-mail: [email protected]
Tourmaline supergroup
Trigonal: R3 m; structure determined
a = 15.9391(7), c = 7.1515(4) Å
6.357(51), 4.220(47), 3.990(49), 3.466(100), 2.953(87), 2.579(98), 2.048(30), 2.041(50)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Museum of Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, catalogue number 8829/84
How to cite: Bosi, F., Skogby, H. and Hålenius, U. (2016) Oxy-foitite, IMA 2016-069. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NEW MINERAL PROPOSALS APPROVED IN NOVEMBER 2016
IMA No. 2016-070
Davidsmithite
(Ca,□)2Na6Al8Si8O32
Liset, Selje, Vestlandet, Norway (62°4′N, 5°20′E)
Sid-Ali Kechid*, Roberta Oberti, Giuseppe Rossi†, Giancarlo Parodi and Sylvain Pont
*E-mail: [email protected]
Related to trinepheline and nepheline
Hexagonal: P63; structure determined
a = 9.982(1), c = 8.364(2) Å
4.322(27), 4.182(66), 3.840(93), 3.267(71), 3.006(100), 2.882(41), 2.343(54), 2.305(31)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, thin section MNHN215-001
How to cite: Kechid, S.-A., Oberti, R., Rossi, G., Parodi, G. and Pont, P. (2016) Davidsmithite, IMA 2016-070. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-072
Alpeite
Ca4Mn3+2Al2(Mn3+Mg)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(VO4)(OH)6
Monte Alpe mine, Monte Alpe, Castiglione Chiavarese (GE) - Maissana (SP), Liguria, Italy (44°18′24″N, 9°32′00″E)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Cristina Carbone, Barbara P. Nash, Donato Belmonte, Luigi Chiappino and Fabrizio Castellaro
*E-mail: [email protected]
Ardennite group
Orthorhombic: Pnmm; structure determined
a = 8.942(1), b = 6.0534(6), c = 18.978(2) Å
4.049(52), 3.259(51), 3.022(93), 2.673(100), 2.572(69), 2.095(53), 1.677(52), 1.511(83)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA, catalogue number 66288
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Carbone, C., Nash, B.P., Belmonte, D., Chiappino, L. and Castellaro, F. (2016) Alpeite, IMA 2016-072. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-073
Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S
Mg8Al18Fe3+2O38(OH)2
Marmore stream, middle Valtournenche, Valle d'Aosta, Italy (45°49′36″N, 7°34′51″E)
Fernando Cámara*, Roberto Cossio, Daniele Regis, Marco E. Ciriotti and Roberto Compagnoni
*E-mail: [email protected]
Högbomite supergroup
Trigonal: Pm1; structure determined
a = 5.7226(3), c = 23.0231(9) Å
2.858(42), 2.735(51), 2.484(46), 2.427(100), 1.568(29), 1.514(30), 1.438(42), 1.429(72)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Sezione di Mineralogia, Petrografia e Geologia, via Giovanni Giolitti 36, I-10123 Torino, Italy, catalogue number M/U17182
How to cite: Cámara, F., Cossio, R., Regis, D.,Ciriotti, M.E. and Compagnoni, R. (2016) Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S, IMA 2016-073. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-074
Zhanghuifenite
Na3Mn2+4Mg2Al(PO4)6
Santa Ana mine, San Luis province, Argentina (32°53′32″S, 65°55′43″W)
Hexiong Yang*, Anaïs Kobsch, Xiangping Gu, Robert T. Downs and Xiande Xie
*E-mail: [email protected]
Isostructural with bobfergusonite
Monoclinic: P21/n; structure determined
a =12.8926(3), b = 12.4658(3), c = 10.9178(2) Å, β = 97.920(1)°
6.201(21), 3.445(13), 2.877(25), 2.697(100), 2.527(34), 2.096(14), 1.742(14), 1.561(13)
Cotype material is deposited in the collections of the Mineral Museum of the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, catalogue # 21321, and the RRUFF Project, deposition # R160030
How to cite: Yang, H., Kobsch, A., Gu, X., Downs, R.T. and Xie, X. (2016) Zhanghuifenite, IMA 2016-074. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-075
Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa)
BaNa4CaFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2
Elisabeth adit, near Gemerská Poloma village, Rožňava Co., Košice Region, Slovakia (48°45′04.06″S, 20°29′39.27″W)
Martin Števko*, Jiří Sejkora, Pavel Uher and Fernando Cámara
*E-mail: [email protected]
Arrojadite group
Monoclinic: Cc; structure determined
a = 16.563(1), b = 10.0476(6), c = 24.669(1) Å, β = 105.452(4)°
3.412(21), 3.224(37), 3.040(100), 2.850(22), 2.833(18), 2.713(56), 2.556(33), 2.512(23)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic, catalogue number P1P 13/2016, and the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia, catalogue number 7401
How to cite: Števko, M., Sejkora, J., Uher, P. and Cámara, F. (2016) Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa), IMA 2016-075. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-076
Vorontsovite
(Hg5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12
Vorontsovskoe gold deposit, 0.5 km west of the settlement of Vorontsovka, 13 km south of the city of Krasnotur'insk, Sverdlovskaya Oblast’, Northern Urals, Russia (59°39′5″N, 60°12′56″E)
Anatoly V. Kasatkin*, Fabrizio Nestola, Atali A. Agakhanov, Radek Škoda, Vladimir Y. Karpenko and Mikhail V. Tsyganko
*E-mail: [email protected]
The thallium analogue of galkhaite
Cubic: I3 m; structure determined
a = 10.2956(6) Å
4.198(79), 2.970(100), 2.749(66), 2.572(22), 2.017(20), 1.879(18), 1.818(49), 1.550(31)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 4917/1
How to cite: Kasatkin, A.V., Nestola, F., Agakhanov, A.A., Škoda, R., Karpenko, V.Y. and Tsyganko, M.V. (2016) Vorontsovite, IMA 2016-076. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-077
Jaszczakite
[Bi3S3][AuS2]
Alsó-Rózsa adit, Nagybörzsöny, Börzsöny Mts, Pest Co., Hungary (47°56′N, 18°50′E)
Luca Bindi* and Werner H. Paar
*E-mail: [email protected]
The S and Bi analogue of buckhornite
Orthorhombic: Pmmn; structure determined
a = 3.858(1), b = 12.552(3), c = 9.289(2) Å
7.467(100), 6.276(90), 5.200(24), 3.096(68), 2.777(26), 2.092(22), 1.929(20), 1.733(18)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121, Firenze, Italy, catalogue number 3237/I
How to cite: Bindi, L. and Paar, W.H. (2016) Jaszczakite, IMA 2016-077. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-078
Magnesiohatertite
(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka peninsula, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Inna S. Lykova, Natalia N. Koshlyakova, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy, Marina F. Vigasina, Atali A. Agakhanov, Sergey N. Britvin, Anna G. Turchkova, Evgeny G. Sidorov and Gerald Giester
*E-mail: [email protected]
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 12.310(1), b = 13.002(1), c = 6.7211(5) Å, β = 113.823(4)°
6.50(35), 5.66(26), 3.635(41), 3.221(55), 3.086(27), 2.837(100), 2.792(57), 2.648(42)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 4912/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Lykova, I.S., Koshlyakova, N.N., Belakovskiy, D.I., Vigasina, M.F., Agakhanov, A.A., Britvin, S.N., Turchkova, A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Giester, G. (2016) Magnesiohatertite, IMA 2016-078. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-079
Burroite
Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28)·15H2O
Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel Co., Colorado, USA (38°2′42″N, 108°53′23″W)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Barbara P. Nash, Joe Marty and John M. Hughes
*E-mail: [email protected]
Chemically related to wernerbaurite
Triclinic: P; structure determined
a = 8.779(2), b = 10.311(2), c = 12.060(2) Å, α = 96.740(4), β = 107.388(5), γ = 114.439(6)°
11.06(100), 9.02(46), 8.10(21), 7.71(94), 7.50(17), 2.950(14), 2.778(16), 2.075(19)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA, catalogue numbers 66299 (holotype) and 66300 (cotype)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Nash, B.P., Marty, J. and Hughes, J.M. (2016) Burroite, IMA 2016-079. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-080
Marathonite
Pd25Ge9
Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada (48°48′7″N, 86°18′35″W)
Andrew M. McDonald*, Doreen E. Ames, Kirk C. Ross, Ingrid M. Kjarsgaard and David J. Good
*E-mail: [email protected]
New structure type
Trigonal: P3; structure determined
a = 7.391(1), c = 10.477(2) Å
2.748(10), 2.436(10), 2.374(29), 2.148(100), 1.759(10), 1.360(13), 1.239(14), 1.207(10)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, catalogue number CMNMC 87179
How to cite: McDonald, A.M., Ames, D.E., Ross, K.C., Kjarsgaard, I.M. and Good, D.J. (2016) Marathonite, IMA 2016-080. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-081
Rietveldite
Fe(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)5
Giveaway-Simplot mine, White Canyon mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°33′09.80″N, 110°16′58.50″W); Jáchymov ore district, Western Bohemia, Czech Republic; Willi Agatz mine (+50 m level), Gittersee mining field, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
Anthony R. Kampf*, Jiří Sejkora, Thomas Witzke, Jakub Plášil, Jiří Čejka, Barbara P. Nash and Joe Marty
*E-mail: [email protected]
Structurally related to svornostite
Orthorhombic: Pmn21; structure determined
a = 12.9577(9), b = 8.3183(3), c = 11.2971(5) Å
8.309(34), 6.477(100), 5.110(58), 4.668(48), 4.653(36), 3.428(41), 3.341(33), 3.238(49)
Cope material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA, catalogue numbers 66291 and 66292 (sample from USA), the TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, catalogue number 84140 (sample from Germany), the National Museum Prague, Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Cirkusová 1740, CZ 193 00 Prague, Czech Republic, catalogue number P1N 45564 (sample from Czech Republic)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Sejkora, J., Witzke, T., Plášil, J., Čejka, J., Nash, B.P. and Marty, J. (2016) Rietveldite, IMA 2016-081. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-082
Redcanyonite
(NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4
Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, White Canyon mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°33′26″N, 110°17′44″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Jakub Plášil, Anthony R. Kampf, Peter C. Burns, Barbara P. Nash, Joe Marty, Timothy P. Rose and Shawn M. Carlson
*E-mail: [email protected]
Structurally related to zippeite
Monoclinic: C2/m; structure determined
a = 8.657(2), b = 14.155(3), c = 8.843(2) Å, β = 104.12(2)°
8.55(21), 7.19(100), 3.600(33), 3.453(56), 3.112(72), 2.657(23), 2.491(21), 2.069(20)
Cotype material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA, catalogue numbers 66293, 66294, 66295, 66296, 66297 and 66298
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Plášil, J., Kampf, A.R., Burns, P.C., Nash, B.P., Marty, J., Rose, T.P. and Carlson, S.M. (2016) Redcanyonite, IMA 2016-082. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NOMENCLATURE PROPOSAL APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2016
IMA 16-J: Uklonskovite
Proposal 16-J is accepted, and the formula of uklonskovite is revised from NaMg(SO4)OH·2H2O to NaMg(SO4)F·2H2O (F instead of OH).
IMA 16-K: Tombarthite-(Y) (discredited)
Proposal 16-K is accepted, and tombarthite-(Y), ideally Y4(Si,H4)4O12−x(OH)4+2x with x ≤ 4, is discredited. A re-examination of original material shows that all samples are heterogeneous, and hence not constituted by a single mineral.
IMA 16-L: Claraite
Proposal 16-L is accepted, and claraite is redefined as a copper hydrated hydroxy-carbonate-arsenate-sulfate mineral having ideal chemical composition (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O. The collection of new chemical and crystallographic data on two specimens of claraite from the type locality and Carrara confirmed the occurrence of As and S as essential components.