Petrology, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic geochemistry and zircon chronology of the Late Palaeozoic volcanic rocks in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, NW China

The Late Palaeozoic volcanic rocks, mainly consisting of basalt, trachyte, trachy-andesite, andesite and rhyolite, widely distributed in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains, have been proven to be formed during Late Devonian to Late Carboniferous time (>361–313 Ma) based on zircon sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe dating. The geochemistry demonstrates that the studied volcanic rocks represent a continental arc formed during the subduction of the Palaeo-southern Tianshan Ocean. The ε_Hf(T) values of zircons in these volcanic rocks vary from +1.4 to +15.6 with weighted average values of +9.5 (Late Devonian), +8.9 (Early Carboniferous) and +10.3 (Late Carboniferous), suggesting a depleted mantle origin. However, the Late Devonian basaltic samples have negative ε_Nd(T) values (from −5.16 to −3.07) and high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7073–0.7098), whereas the Early Carboniferous volcanic rocks mostly have positive ε_Nd(T) values (from −0.18 to +3.07) with low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7044–0.7067), and the Late Carboniferous volcanic rocks are characterized by high ε_Nd(T) values (+2.79 to +5.89) and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7032–0.7054). The assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) model is used to explain the isotope characteristics of the Late Devonian volcanic rocks in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains. Calculation shows that the Late Devonian samples could be formed by the AFC process between depleted mantle and continental crust. The Carboniferous basaltic rocks originated by partial melting of the mantle wedge.