The Cenozoic alkali basalts are widely exposed in the Jingpohu Volcanic Field, NE China. Previous volcanology and geochronology research has revealed that they were formed in three periods in the Miocene (c. 29.23–13.59 Ma), Pleistocene (c. 83.7 ka) and Holocene (c. 5.5–5.2 ka BP). The Miocene and Pleistocene basalts consist of alkali olivine basalts, while the Holocene basalts are composed of alkali olivine basalts and leucite tephrites. Petrogenetic studies reveal that the primary magmas of the Miocene and Pleistocene alkali olivine basalts originated from partial melting of EM2-like garnet peridotites, and those of the Holocene alkali olivine basalts were derived from melting of EM1- and EM2-like garnet peridotites with higher garnet proportions. In contrast, the primary magmas of the Holocene leucite tephrites were derived from the melting of eclogites and peridotites. Combined with previous research, we suggest that melting of the mantle source region to generate Jingpohu alkali basalts was triggered by decarbonization and dehydration of the slabs stagnated in the mantle transition zone.