Volcanic Geology of São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago)

The Azores archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean is composed of nine volcanic islands and São Miguel is the largest and most volcanically active. During the past 5000 years several eruptions have taken place on the three active central volcanoes – Sete Cidades, Fogo and Furnas – and in the basaltic fissure systems of Picos and Congro. There is evidence that Furnas was in eruption when the first settlers arrived some time between 1439 and 1443. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there were two explosive sub-Plinian eruptions, Fogo in 1563 and Furnas in 1630. The last eruption on land occurred in the Picos Fissural Volcanic System in 1652, involving the extrusion of lava domes. In 22 chapters, this volume considers the volcanic geology of the island under the headings of geological setting, volcanic history, geological hazards and risk assessment, volcano monitoring and natural resources.
Permanent monitoring of soil CO2 degassing at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes (São Miguel Island, Azores) Available to Purchase
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Published:January 01, 2015
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CiteCitation
F. Viveiros, T. Ferreira, C. Silva, J. C. Vieira, J. L. Gaspar, G. Virgili, P. Amaral, 2015. "Permanent monitoring of soil CO2 degassing at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes (São Miguel Island, Azores)", Volcanic Geology of São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago), J. L. Gaspar, J. E. Guest, A. M. Duncan, F. J. A. S. Barriga, D. K. Chester
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Abstract
Eight years of permanent soil CO2 diffuse degassing monitoring at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes shows that several environmental variables may influence soil CO2 flux to a different extent depending on the location. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis applied to the data acquired by the permanent flux stations installed on São Miguel showed that the monitored environmental variables may influence the gas flux in a proportion between 18 and 51%. The external variables that most significantly correlate with the soil CO2 flux values for Fogo and Furnas volcanoes monitoring sites are the rainfall/soil water content with its effect on permeability; the barometric pressure pumping effect; the wind speed owing to the atmospheric air intrusion and the air temperature through the action of atmospheric tides. These variables are responsible not only for spike-like oscillations in CO2 emission, but also for the long-term oscillations with higher and lower values registered usually during winter and summer months, respectively. Residual time-series, calculated using regression models, are compared with other geophysical and geochemical monitoring data in order to recognize changes that may be correlated with the volcanic/hydrothermal systems.