Radioactive Waste Confinement: Clays in Natural and Engineered Barriers

It is internationally accepted that the safest and most sustainable option for managing radioactive waste is geological disposal, utilizing both engineering and geology to isolate the waste and contain the radioactivity.
This Special Publication contains 25 scientific studies presented at the 6th conference on ‘Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement’ held in Brussels, Belgium in 2015. The conference and this resulting volume cover many of the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales.
The papers in this volume consider research into argillaceous media under the following topic areas: large-scale geological characterization; general strategy for clay-based disposal systems; geomechanics; mass transfer; bentonite evolution and gas transfer.
The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.
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Table of Contents
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Radioactive waste confinement: clays in natural and engineered barriers – introductionAuthor(s)Simon NorrisSimon NorrisRadioactive Waste Management, Building 587, Curie Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RH, UK and Corresponding Editor, Scientific Committee, Brussels 2015Search for other works by this author on:
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Large-scale geological characterization
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Regional aquifer hydrogeochemistry in the confined aquifer system below the Boom Clay (NE Belgium): data analysis and modellingAuthor(s)K. Vandersteen;K. VandersteenInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:B. Leterme;B. LetermeInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:M. GedeonM. GedeonInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:
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An assessment of Palaeogene and Neogene clay deposits in Denmark as possible host rocks for final disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wasteAuthor(s)Peter Gravesen;Peter GravesenGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, DenmarkSearch for other works by this author on:Stig A. Schack Pedersen;Stig A. Schack PedersenGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, DenmarkSearch for other works by this author on:Bertel Nilsson;Bertel NilssonGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, DenmarkSearch for other works by this author on:Merete BinderupMerete BinderupGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, DenmarkSearch for other works by this author on:
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General strategy for clay-based disposal systems
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Approaches to evaluate and underpin the technical feasibility of the Belgian disposal conceptAuthor(s)S. Doudou;S. Doudou1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:E. J. Harvey;E. J. Harvey1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:P. J. Richardson;P. J. Richardson1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:S. M. Wickham;S. M. Wickham1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:P. Van Marcke;P. Van Marcke2ONDRAF/NIRAS, Avenue des Arts 14, 1210 Brussels, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:D. Raymaekers;D. Raymaekers2ONDRAF/NIRAS, Avenue des Arts 14, 1210 Brussels, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:W. WacquierW. Wacquier2ONDRAF/NIRAS, Avenue des Arts 14, 1210 Brussels, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:
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DOPAS full-scale experiments: approaches to compliance assessmentAuthor(s)S. Doudou;S. Doudou1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:M. J. White;M. J. White1Galson Sciences Ltd, 5 Grosvenor House, Melton Road, Oakham LE15 6AX, UKSearch for other works by this author on:M. Johnson;M. Johnson2Radioactive Waste Management Limited, Building 587, Curie Avenue, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0RH, UKSearch for other works by this author on:J.-M. Bosgiraud;J.-M. Bosgiraud4National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA), 1–7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Pär GrahmPär Grahm5Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Oskarshamn, SwedenSearch for other works by this author on:
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DOPAS EPSP experimentAuthor(s)Jiří Svoboda;Jiří Svoboda1Czech Technical University in Prague, Centre of Experimental Geotechnics, Thákurova 7, Prague, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Jaroslav Pacovský;Jaroslav Pacovský1Czech Technical University in Prague, Centre of Experimental Geotechnics, Thákurova 7, Prague, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Markéta Dvořáková;Markéta Dvořáková2SÚRAO, Dlážděná 6, Prague, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Irena Hanusová;Irena Hanusová2SÚRAO, Dlážděná 6, Prague, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Petr Večerník;Petr Večerník3ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Dagmar TrpkošováDagmar Trpkošová3ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:
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Laboratory experiments on bentonite pellet saturationAuthor(s)Dagmar Trpkošová;Dagmar Trpkošová1ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Petr Večerník;Petr Večerník1ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Jenny Gondolli;Jenny Gondolli1ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Václava Havlová;Václava Havlová1ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Jiří Svoboda;Jiří Svoboda2Centre of Experimental Geotechnics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Irena HanusováIrena Hanusová3SÚRAO, Dlážděná 6, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:
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Geomechanics
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Quantitative characterization of the excavation damaged zone fracture network in the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory: in situ experiment and numerical interpretation of helium injection testAuthor(s)Hua Shao;Hua Shao1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Sebastian Göthling;Sebastian Göthling1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Wenting Liu;Wenting Liu1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Jürgen Hesser;Jürgen Hesser1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Jacques Morel;Jacques Morel2French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (ANDRA), 55290 Bure, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Jürgen SönnkeJürgen Sönnke1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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Characterizing the mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire argilliteAuthor(s)Xueqing Su;Xueqing Su1Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Son Nguyen;Son Nguyen1Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Ehsan Haghighat;Ehsan Haghighat2McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Stanislaw Pietruszczak;Stanislaw Pietruszczak2McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Denis Labrie;Denis Labrie3CanmetMINING, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1M1, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Jean-Dominique Barnichon;Jean-Dominique Barnichon4Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Hadj AbdiHadj Abdi5University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:
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Convergence analysis of an unsupported micro-tunnel at the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research LaboratoryAuthor(s)L.-M. Guayacán-Carrillo;L.-M. Guayacán-Carrillo1ANDRA R&D, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry, France2Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier/CERMES, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, CNRS, 77455 Marne la Vallée, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:J. Sulem;J. Sulem2Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier/CERMES, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, CNRS, 77455 Marne la Vallée, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:D. M. Seyedi;D. M. Seyedi1ANDRA R&D, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:S. Ghabezloo;S. Ghabezloo2Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier/CERMES, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, IFSTTAR, CNRS, 77455 Marne la Vallée, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:A. Noiret;A. Noiret3ANDRA R&D, Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory, 55290 Bure, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:G. ArmandG. Armand3ANDRA R&D, Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory, 55290 Bure, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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A pragmatic approach to abstract the excavation damaged zone around tunnels of a geological radioactive waste repository: application to the HG-A experiment in Mont TerriAuthor(s)Andrés Alcolea;Andrés Alcolea1TK Consult AG, Hallenstrasse 10, 8008 Zürich, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Uli Kuhlmann;Uli Kuhlmann1TK Consult AG, Hallenstrasse 10, 8008 Zürich, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Paul Marschall;Paul Marschall2National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA), Hardstrasse 73, 5430 Wettingen, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Andrea Lisjak;Andrea Lisjak3Geomechanica Inc., 90 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3V9, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Giovanni Grasselli;Giovanni Grasselli3Geomechanica Inc., 90 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3V9, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Omid Mahabadi;Omid Mahabadi3Geomechanica Inc., 90 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5H 3V9, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Rémi de La Vaissière;Rémi de La Vaissière4French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (ANDRA), RD 960, 55290 Bure, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Helen Leung;Helen Leung5Nuclear Waste Management Organization, 22 St Clair Avenue East, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S3, CanadaSearch for other works by this author on:Hua ShaoHua Shao6Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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The influence of different supports on the properties of the excavation damaged zone along the FE tunnel in the Mont Terri Underground Rock LaboratoryAuthor(s)Hua Shao;Hua Shao1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Benjamin Paul;Benjamin Paul1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Xuerui Wang;Xuerui Wang1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Jürgen Hesser;Jürgen Hesser1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:Jens Becker;Jens Becker2National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA), Wettingen, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Benoit Garitte;Benoit Garitte2National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA), Wettingen, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Herwig MüllerHerwig Müller2National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA), Wettingen, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Mass transfer
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Characterization of transport and water retention properties of damaged Callovo-Oxfordian claystoneAuthor(s)S. M’Jahad;S. M’Jahad1Institute of Mechanical and Industrial Applications, UMR EDF-CNRS-CEA-ENSTA ParisTech 9219, EDF Lab Paris-Saclay, 7 boulevard Gaspard Monge, 91120 Palaiseau, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:C. A. Davy;C. A. Davy2Ecole Centrale de Lille and LML UMR CNRS 8107, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:F. Skoczylas;F. Skoczylas2Ecole Centrale de Lille and LML UMR CNRS 8107, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:J. TalandierJ. Talandier3ANDRA, 1–7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Vertical distribution of helium and 40Ar/36Ar in porewaters of the Eastern Paris Basin (Bure/Haute-Marne): constraints on transport processes through the sedimentary sequenceAuthor(s)P. Jean-Baptiste;P. Jean-Baptiste1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:B. Lavielle;B. Lavielle2Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Gradignan, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:E. Fourre;E. Fourre1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:T. Smith;T. Smith2Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Gradignan, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:M. PagelM. Pagel3Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Study of 85Sr transport through a column filled with crushed granite in the presence of bentonite colloidsAuthor(s)Kateřina Kolomá;Kateřina KolomáFuel Cycle Chemistry Department, ÚJV Řež, a. s., Hlavní 130, Řež, 250 68 Husinec, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:
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An improved model for through-diffusion experiments: application to strontium and tritiated water (HTO) diffusion in Boom Clay and compacted illiteAuthor(s)M. Aertsens;M. AertsensInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:L. Van Laer;L. Van LaerInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:N. Maes;N. MaesInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:J. GovaertsJ. GovaertsInstitute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:
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Multispecies random walk simulations in radial symmetry: model concept, benchmark, and application to HTO, 22Na and 36Cl diffusion in clayAuthor(s)Shuo Meng;Shuo MengPaul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Wilfried PfingstenWilfried PfingstenPaul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Combining high-resolution two-phase with simplified single-phase simulations in order to optimize the performance of PA/SA simulations for a deep geological repository for radioactive wasteAuthor(s)Philipp Schaedle;Philipp Schaedle1AF-Consult Switzerland Ltd, Groundwater Protection and Waste Disposal, Täfernstrasse 26, CH-5405 Baden, Switzerland2Present address: ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Thomas Kaempfer;Thomas Kaempfer1AF-Consult Switzerland Ltd, Groundwater Protection and Waste Disposal, Täfernstrasse 26, CH-5405 Baden, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:Guillaume Pépin;Guillaume Pépin3ANDRA, 1–7 rue Jean Monnet, Parc de la Croix-Blanche, F-92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Jacques Wendling;Jacques Wendling3ANDRA, 1–7 rue Jean Monnet, Parc de la Croix-Blanche, F-92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Juergen BrommundtJuergen Brommundt1AF-Consult Switzerland Ltd, Groundwater Protection and Waste Disposal, Täfernstrasse 26, CH-5405 Baden, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Coupled THM modelling of engineered barriers for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel isolationAuthor(s)Erdem Toprak;Erdem Toprak1International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Campus Norte UPC, 08034 Barcelona, SpainSearch for other works by this author on:Sebastia Olivella;Sebastia Olivella2Department of Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Campus Norte UPC, 08034 Barcelona, SpainSearch for other works by this author on:Xavier PintadoXavier Pintado3B+TECH Oy, Laulukuja 4, 00420 Helsinki, FinlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Gaining insight into corrosion processes from numerical simulations of an integrated iron-claystone experimentAuthor(s)Olivier Bildstein;Olivier Bildstein1CEA, DEN, DTN, 13108 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Jean-Éric Lartigue;Jean-Éric Lartigue1CEA, DEN, DTN, 13108 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Michel L. Schlegel;Michel L. Schlegel2CEA, DEN, DPC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Christian Bataillon;Christian Bataillon2CEA, DEN, DPC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Benoît Cochepin;Benoît Cochepin3French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA), DRD, Châtenay-Malabry, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Isabelle Munier;Isabelle Munier3French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA), DRD, Châtenay-Malabry, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Nicolas MichauNicolas Michau3French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA), DRD, Châtenay-Malabry, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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Bentonite evolution
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Bentonite re-saturation: different conceptual models – similar mathematical descriptionsAuthor(s)Klaus-Peter KröhnKlaus-Peter KröhnGesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, PO Box 38122, Braunschweig, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:
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Alteration of MX-80 bentonite backfill material by high-pH cementitious fluids under lithostatic conditions – an experimental approach using core infiltration techniquesAuthor(s)F. Dolder;F. Dolder1RWI, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:U. Mäder;U. Mäder1RWI, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:A. Jenni;A. Jenni1RWI, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:B. MünchB. Münch2EMPA, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Testing and Research, 8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Chemical erosion of the bentonite buffer: do we observe it in nature?Author(s)Heini M. Reijonen;Heini M. ReijonenSaanio & Riekkola Oy, Laulukuja 4, 00420 Helsinki, FinlandSearch for other works by this author on:Nuria MarcosNuria MarcosSaanio & Riekkola Oy, Laulukuja 4, 00420 Helsinki, FinlandSearch for other works by this author on:
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Gas transfer
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Modelling of water and gas flow through an excavation damaged zone in the Callovo-Oxfordian argillites in the framework of a single porosity modelAuthor(s)Luc-Vincent Bénet;Luc-Vincent Bénet1SOCOTEC SA/Projets Industriels/AME, 1 Avenue du Parc, 78640 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Étienne Blaud;Étienne Blaud1SOCOTEC SA/Projets Industriels/AME, 1 Avenue du Parc, 78640 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:Jacques WendlingJacques Wendling2ANDRA, 1–7 rue Jean Monnet, Parc de la Croix-Blanche, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, FranceSearch for other works by this author on:
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The gas permeability, breakthrough behaviour and re-sealing ability of Czech Ca–Mg bentoniteAuthor(s)Jan Smutek;Jan SmutekCentre of Experimental Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Lucie Hausmannova;Lucie HausmannovaCentre of Experimental Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:Jiri SvobodaJiri SvobodaCentre of Experimental Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicSearch for other works by this author on:
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Measuring diffusion coefficients of dissolved He and Ar in three potential clay host formations: Boom Clay, Callovo-Oxfordian Clay and Opalinus ClayAuthor(s)E. Jacops;E. Jacops1Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Waste & Disposal Expert Group, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium2KU Leuven, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium3Energy and Mineral Resources Group (EMG), Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, Haus B, D-52056 Aachen, GermanySearch for other works by this author on:N. Maes;N. Maes1Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Waste & Disposal Expert Group, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:C. Bruggeman;C. Bruggeman1Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Waste & Disposal Expert Group, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:A. GradeA. Grade1Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Waste & Disposal Expert Group, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumSearch for other works by this author on:
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