Refined model of incremental emplacement based on structural evidence from the granodioritic Newry igneous complex , Northern Ireland

Although many intrusions are now known to have been incrementally emplaced, the mechanisms through which this takes place are generally poorly understood. The Newry igneous complex was incrementally emplaced within the Southern Uplands-DownLongford terrane of Northern Ireland during late Caledonian sinistral transtension. This study uses a variety of new and existing data and techniques to provide a fuller and firmer understanding of incremental emplacement than has previously been available, addressing both deep-crustal processes and those operating within the emplacement site. Host-rock orientations suggest that some of the accommodation space for the Newry igneous complex was generated due to pullapart tectonics operating within the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford terrane. Local host-rock deflections, concentric igneous foliations, and concentric linear anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics show that inflation due to magma overpressure also generated significant space. Strong AMS fabrics close to the boundaries of some magma pulses in turn suggest that inflation was accomplished by injection of individual magma pulses and was thus incremental. The dome-like orientations of mineral foliations within plutons and the truncation of steep local host-rock tracts by the Newry igneous complex imply that the complex consists of four laccolithic bodies. On a larger scale, it is suggested that the deep-seated Argyll and Newry lineaments represent faults that allowed magma generated at depth to ascend to the crustal level of the Southern UplandsDown-Longford tract boundaries. It is also inferred that sinistral movement along the Argyll and Newry lineaments may have produced the releasing bend within the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford terrane. Higher in the crust, reduced confining pressure resulted in tectonic opening along this releasing bend. This local stress field induced horizontal magma flow and emplacement of the Newry igneous complex as laccolithic bodies. This study suggests that simplistic emplacement models should largely be abandoned in favor of holistic models incorporating the multiple interdependent processes operating during magma ascent and emplacement.


INTRODUCTION
Emplacement refers to the way in which an ig neous rock comes to be accommodated in its final crustal position (i.e., put in place; Pitcher, 1997).This is intimately connected to ascent, which is the process through which magma rises within the crust or uppermost mantle to reach its em placement site (Jacques and Reavy, 1994).Since the nineteenth century, it has been recognized that emplacement requires inflow of magma into relocated crustal space (commonly referred to as "generated" space; Westropp, 1867), although the processes through which this occurs remain strongly debated (Hutton, 1988;Molyneux and Hutton, 2000;Petford et al., 2000;Stevenson et al., 2007a;Miles et al., 2016).A primary dis tinction is often made between magmatic (i.e., magma pressure-related) and tectonic controls on emplacement, although there may be a large amount of overlap between these influences (Hutton, 1988;Brun et al., 1990;Stevenson, 2009;de Saint Blanquat et al., 2011).Significant magma pressures typically lead to space genera tion through inflation (or ballooning) of an in trusion, which may produce high strains within the outer part of the intrusion and/or the adjacent host rocks (Cloos, 1925;Johnson and Pollard, 1973;Hutton, 1988;Cruden, 1990;Molyneux and Hutton, 2000;Yan et al., 2011).Tectonic controls on emplacement are often associated with shear zones or faults and thus can be de rived through the study of regional structures (Hutton, 1982;Guineberteau et al., 1987;Brun et al., 1990;D'lemos et al., 1992;Petford et al., 2000;Rosenberg, 2004;Rabillard et al., 2014;McCarthy et al., 2015;Lancaster et al., 2017).
were combined with traditional structural field measurements of the Newry igneous complex in order to test the proposed model of incremental emplacement (Anderson et al., 2016) and in vestigate other influences on emplacement.The comprehensive data set allows new detail to be inferred about processes corresponding to intru sion of individual magma pulses.

Regional Setting
The Newry igneous complex is situated within the late Caledonian Southern Uplands DownLongford terrane (Fig. 1; Meighan and Neeson, 1979;Neeson, 1984;GSNI, 1997;Cooper and Johnston, 2004a;Cooper et al., 2016;Anderson et al., 2016).This terrane ex tends across Britain and Ireland and consists of laterally continuous, steeply dipping, fault bounded tracts predominantly composed of graywackes and shales that become younger to the north (Barnes et al., 1987).In the vicin ity of the Newry igneous complex, the South ern UplandsDownLongford terrane is subdi vided into the graywackedominated Hawick Group, and the Gala Group, in which there is a higher proportion of shale (Fig. 1).Many authors consider the Southern UplandsDown Longford terrane to represent an accretionary prism associated with closure of the Iapetus Ocean (McKerrow et al., 1977;Leggett et al., 1979Leggett et al., , 1982;;Needham and Knipe, 1986;Leggett, 1987;Anderson, 2004;Stone and Merri man, 2004;Waldron et al., 2008;Young and Donald, 2013).Although the Southern Uplands DownLongford terrane has previ ously been shown to have a regionally consis tent trend, Beamish et al. (2010) used conduc tivity data to infer a localized strike swing in the vicinity of the Newry igneous complex (Fig. 1).Through late Caledonian sinistral transtension (Bluck, 1985;Soper andWood cock, 1990, 2003;Soper et al., 1992;Dewey and Strachan, 2003;Brown et al., 2008) space for emplacement of the igneous com plex (Beamish et al., 2010).
Several deepseated crustal lineaments are thought to have influenced ascent and emplace ment of magma in the UK (Jacques and Reavy, 1994;Hutton and Alsop, 1996;Stevenson et al., 2006;Cooper et al., 2013).These lineaments are known primarily from geophysics (gravity and magnetic data) and are thought to trend approxi mately northsouth over much of the UK to the north of the Iapetus suture.The origin of the lin eaments is unclear, although they are proposed to represent preCaledonian faults (Jacques and Reavy, 1994;Hutton and Alsop, 1996;Cooper et al., 2013).
The lineaments are thought to have acted as conduits for magma ascent, with higher crustal structures such as shear zones controlling ac commodation (e.g., Stevenson et al., 2006).For example, Jacques and Reavy (1994) presented a model where ascent of magma in SW Argyll shire was focused where NESW-trending Cale donian strikeslip structures related to Iapetus closure intersect older, presumably deeper, lineaments, which are orientated NWSE.In Donegal, Hutton and Alsop (1996) have shown that construction of the Donegal Batholith was controlled by the interactions of the Donegal lin eament and Main Donegal shear zone.More re cently, McCarthy et al. (2015) have proposed an elegant model for the sequential construction of the Galway granite complex, involving a NNW SSE fault system and the WNWESE Skird Rocks fault controlling ascent at different times.
The siting of the Newry igneous complex on two deepcrustal lineaments, termed the Argyll and Newry lineaments, has thus been consid ered as a potential influence on its emplacement (Cooper et al., 2013).In this study, we inves tigated this possibility further, developing a model whereby deepcrustal lineaments interact with known uppercrustal structures.
On the basis of compositional and geophysi cal characteristics, the Newry igneous complex is divided into 15 zones (zones A-O), which are inferred to represent sequentially emplaced magma pulses (Fig. 1; Anderson et al., 2016).The Seeconnell complex (zone A) is the oldest part of the Newry igneous complex, with zones becoming broadly younger to the southwest and toward the centers of individual plutons (Fig. 1; Cooper et al., 2016;Anderson et al., 2016).Sequentially emplaced zones tend to become broadly more felsic in composition, al though this trend is reversed in zones F, K, and O (Fig. 1).This is interpreted to reflect a process of fractional crystallization interspersed with occasional mixing of more basic magma prior to final emplacement (Anderson et al., 2016).
The Seeconnell complex is crosscut by the main part of the Rathfriland pluton and con sists of steeply dipping intermediateultramafic facies, principally composed of meladiorites, dioritic monzonites, and biotite pyroxenites ( Reynolds, 1934( Reynolds, , 1936;;Meighan and Neeson, 1979;Neeson, 1984).These layers are gener ally coarse grained and in places show repe tition along with sharp internal boundaries (Meighan and Neeson, 1979).Meighan and Neeson (1979) and Neeson (1984) suggested that these facies dominantly represent cumu lates crystallized from magma injected from a staging site of intermediate composition.
The steep dip of the layers suggests that these may have originated by sidewall crystalliza tion within a magma chamber (Meighan and Neeson, 1979).The intermediate staging site supplying the Seeconnell complex may in turn have supplied the main Newry igneous com plex as it continued to evolve (Meighan and Neeson, 1979;Ander son et al., 2016).
The outer contact of the Newry igneous com plex is thought to be steep (Reynolds, 1934;Meighan and Neeson, 1979), which is consistent with known steep mineral foliation trends (Nee son, 1984).Two sets of satellite bodies are ap parent to the north of the Rathfriland pluton and to the south of the Newry pluton, respectively (Fig. 1; Cooper et al., 2016).These crop out in several localities (represented by samples pre fixed with "T" in Appendix 1)1 as dikes 10-20 m in thickness, although they appear to be more extensive from Tellus Project aeromagnetic data (Cooper et al., 2016).Aeromagnetic data indi cate that the satellite bodies are approximately concentric around zone H of the Rathfriland pluton and the outer Newry pluton, respectively (Cooper et al., 2016;Anderson et al., 2016).

Structural Field Data
Structural data were collected from the Newry igneous complex and its host rocks and include a total of 181 mineral foliations and 158 host rock bedding/cleavage measurements.Mineral foliations were defined by the planar alignment of biotite, hornblende, and plagioclase, which are virtually ubiquitous throughout the Newry igneous complex.Although linear alignment of these minerals occurs, this is rarely apparent in the field, whereas planar alignment is observed in most outcrops.Aligned minerals commonly show development of solid state textures to the extent that most of the measured foliations are suggested to have formed in a submagmatic or hightemperature solid state.However, determi nation of the state of these fabrics has proven to be highly subjective and is thus omitted here in favor of more quantitative approaches to igne ous fabric understanding (i.e., AMS).
Both mineral foliations and hostrock mea surements were obtained from known areas of exposure (Egan, 1872;Hull, 1881;Reynolds, 1934Reynolds, , 1943;;Neeson, 1984), as well as through use of the Virtalis GeoVisionary Suite at the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland in Bel fast.The latter provides threedimensional (3D) landscape visualization, allowing remote selection of appropriate sampling sites.The results were combined with 93 existing min eral foliation measurements collected by Nee son (1984).

AMS Data
AMS data were used in this study to assess the alignment and strength of magnetic fabrics, based on the original work of Owens (1974) and Jelinek (1981).Owens (1974) used AMS to define three principal magnetic susceptibility axes.These axes are orthogonal and represent the maximum (K 1 ), minimum (K 3 ), and inter mediate (K 2 ) magnetic susceptibilities within a sample.The results can be illustrated as an ellip soid with axes lengths and orientations rep resenting the principal susceptibility values and directions, respectively (Fig. 2).This is termed the "magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid" (Owens, 1974;Stevenson et al., 2007aStevenson et al., , 2007b)).
Principal susceptibility values can be used to derive the following four parameters (see Owens, 1974;Stevenson et al., 2007aStevenson et al., , 2007b)): , Of these, K mean (or bulk susceptibility) is simply the mean value of the three magnetic suscepti bilities for a sample.L is defined as the linear fabric strength, while F is defined as the planar fabric strength.H is the sum of L and F, repre senting the overall strength of the magnetic fab ric (see Owens, 1974;Stevenson et al., 2007aStevenson et al., , 2007b)).Orientations of K 1 , K 2 , and K 3 can be plotted stereographically, including 95% confi dence limits calculated by the method of Jelínek and Kropáček (1978).
The further parameters P j and T j , introduced by Jelinek (1981), respectively define the over all intensity and shape (disklike vs. rodlike) of magnetic fabrics (also see Tarling and Hrouda, 1993;Borradaile and Jackson, 2010).These param e ters are derived as follows: Here, η 1 , η 2 , and η 3 represent the natural loga rithms of the principal susceptibilities, and η represents the natural logarithm of K mean .The parameter P j relates to overall fabric intensity, while T j relates to fabric shape, whereby posi tive values represent diskshaped (planar) fab rics, and negative values represent rodshaped (linear) fabrics (Jelinek, 1981).AMS samples were collected from a total of 113 locations from throughout the Newry igne ous complex (sample locations are shown in Ap pendix 1 [see footnote 1]).These were obtained as relatively large (~15 × 15 × 15 cm) blocks, which were orientated prior to extraction (see Owens, 1984).At the University of Birming ham, subsamples (usually from 8 to 15) were obtained from each block.These were produced by extracting several drilled cores within the block, which were in turn sawn into smaller cylinders, each with a diameter and length of ~25 mm and 22 mm, respectively.A further measurement was also taken at this stage to re late the orientation of these subsamples to that of the original block in the field.
Subsamples were analyzed using an AGICO KLY3S Kappabridge magnetic susceptibility meter.This allowed measurement of the mag netic susceptibility of each subsample in three different orientations, from which the three prin cipal susceptibilities and the bulk susceptibility were derived.

Determination of AMS Causes
Minerals contributing to the magnetic fab ric of rocks are variable, and, as a result, mag netic fabrics may not necessarily correspond to visible fabrics (Jover et al., 1989;Tarling and Hrouda, 1993;Borradaile and Jackson, 2004).The relationship of these fabrics in the Newry igneous complex was investi gated through comparison of derived planar magnetic fabrics with mineral foliation data.Thermomagnetic analysis was also used to de termine the magnetic fabric-carrying minerals for five samples.This technique involves mea surement of magnetic susceptibility during heating and subsequent cooling of powdered samples (e.g., Akimoto, 1954;Henry et al., 2003;Petrovský and Kapička, 2006;Steven son et al., 2007aSteven son et al., , 2007b;;Stevenson and Ben nett, 2011;Fleming et al., 2013).Since mag netic minerals respond in particular ways to temperature changes, the results can be used to interpret magnetic mineralogy (Henry et al., 2003;Petrovský and Kapička, 2006).Samples were prepared through crushing at the Scottish Universities Research Centre (SUERC), in East Kilbride, Glasgow.These were then ana lyzed at the University of Birmingham using a CS3 furnace apparatus, which functions in cooperation with an AGICO KLY3S Kappa bridge spinning magnetometer (see previous section).The furnace heats and subsequently cools powdered samples while the magnetom eter records magnetic susceptibility at ~15 s intervals.Samples were heated from room temperature to a maximum of 700 °C, before being cooled back to room temperature over a duration of 3 to 4 h.

Host-Rock Bedding and Cleavage
Bedding and cleavage measurements in the vicinity of the Newry igneous complex are con sistently subparallel (Fig. 3; see Appendix 2 for full list of results [see footnote 1]).This is con sistent with previous work showing that these features display similar orientations throughout much of the Southern UplandDownLongford terrane (Barnes et al., 1987).Hence, S 1 cleav ages and bedding can be used interchangeably to gauge regional strike direction.
At up to 1 km from the Newry igneous com plex, bedding and cleavage generally strike parallel to the margins of the intrusion (Fig. 3).Hence, the strike of these structures does not appear to conform to the general ENEWSW trend of the Southern UplandsDownLong ford terrane.This relationship is clearly ex pressed at Dublin Road Bridge (J082241), which is close to both the Newry and Cloghoge plutons.Here, hostrock bedding and cleavage orientations curve around the two pluton mar gins, thus showing clear parallelism to these features, rather than to any terranewide trend (Fig. 3).
However, in locations that are more distal to the Newry igneous complex (greater than 1 km from its margin), bedding and cleavage often strike obliquely to the intrusion margins.These oblique measurements are consistent with the strike swing in the Southern UplandsDown Longford terrane derived from conductivity data by Beamish et al. (2010; see also Figs. 1 and 3 herein).This is particularly clear at Slieve Croob (J319454), Ballydoo Road (J166292), and Leode Road Quarry (J177280).The more distal (~1-5 km) measurements in the vicinity of Silverbridge (H972185) also follow the local strike swing, whereas the proximal measure ments there (<1 km) parallel the Cloghoge plu ton margin.
Proximal to the Rathfriland pluton (up to 1 km from its margin), bedding and cleavage dips are generally orientated steeply away from the intrusion (Fig. 3).Hence, these are paral lel to known pluton margin trends in terms of dip as well as strike (Reynolds, 1934;Neeson, 1984).Some bedding and cleavage planes in the vicinity of the Newry and Cloghoge plutons dip toward the Newry igneous complex, although this dominantly occurs along the western mar gins of these plutons (Fig. 3).The more distal measurements (1-5 km from the Newry igne ous complex margin) to the west of Silverbridge are consistently southwarddipping, regardless of the pluton boundary orientation, suggesting that this might represent the original hostrock trend prior to interference from the Newry igne ous complex.
Hostrock orientations appear to be unaf fected by the satellite bodies.This is most ap parent in the vicinity of Leode Road Quarry (J177280), where a satellite body appears to crosscut host rocks without any deflection in the bedding of the latter.

Visible Mineral Foliations
Mineral foliations within the Newry igneous complex are predominantly steep (60°-90°), concentric, and outwarddipping (Fig. 3; see Ap pendix 2 for full list of results [see footnote 1]), consistent with previous work (Neeson, 1984).Exceptions include a small set of inward dipping foliations in the outer part of the Rathfriland plu ton, although these are almost exclusively very steep (80° or more) and follow a similar con centric trend to the outwarddipping foliations.Several significantly shallower (<30°) foliations are also present within the inner Newry pluton (Fig. 3).
Rarer obliquely trending mineral foliations oc cur at Cloghoge Upper Road Cutting (J079239), Ballymagreehan Quarry (J304355), and Knocki veagh Hill (J178376; Fig. 3).Measurements at Cloghoge Upper Road Cutting and Ballymagree han Quarry were obtained from obliquely trend ing sheets (still thought to represent part of the Newry igneous complex; see Anderson et al., 2016), whereas those at Knockiveagh Hill appear to represent part of a much larger intrusion (i.e., zone G of the Rathfriland pluton).

AMS Fabrics
AMS fabrics in the Newry igneous complex typically show both planar and linear compo nents, although these vary in terms of domi nance.Within Figure 4A, strong planar ( oblate) fabrics are often visually represented by samples that display proximal or overlapping 95% confi dence limits for the maximum (K 1 ) and interme diate (K 2 ) susceptibility axes (e.g., samples R3B, N14, and C11F).Strong linear (prolate) fabrics are in turn represented by samples that show dis tinct maximum susceptibility axes (K 1 ), with the other axes being proximal or overlapping (e.g., samples R21, N24, and C6).Many samples ex hibit small 95% confidence limits for all three susceptibility axes.This can occur where K 1 > K 2 > K 3 , in which case the fabric is termed "tri axial," meaning it has neither a dominant pla nar nor dominant linear fabric component (e.g., samples R24, N20C, and C20; Owens, 1974).However, tight 95% confidence limits can also occur for oblate fabrics with a dominant K 1 value, and so caution is required when making interpretations from such plots alone.All planar and linear fabric components are derived and il lustrated in Figure 4B.Orientations of K 1 and K 3 for each sample are stereo graphi cally plotted in Figure 5. Trends in L versus F and P j versus T j are in turn examined in Figures 6 and 7   AMS results for all samples are provided in Ap pendix 3 (see footnote 1), in which magnetic susceptibility values can be seen to range be tween ~10 -4 and 10 -2 .

Planar AMS Fabric Trends
Planar AMS fabrics within the Newry igne ous complex are generally concentric and out ward dipping (Figs.4B and 5). Figure 5 shows that these fabrics are generally relatively steep (>50°) within the Rathfriland pluton and satel lite bodies (for both areas, K 3 values predomi nantly plot within 40° of the perimeter of the stereonet, indicating that corresponding pla nar fabrics generally exceed 50° in steepness).Planar AMS fabrics show more variable steep ness within the Newry and Cloghoge plutons (Fig. 5). Figure 4B reveals that these fabrics possibly shallow toward the center of the Newry pluton, whereas results for the Cloghoge pluton are more ambiguous.
Exceptions to the concentric planar AMS fabric trend are apparent within the eastern part of the Cloghoge pluton and the southwest ern part of the Newry pluton, specifically at Fathom Mountain Railway Cutting (J077213), Cloghoge Roundabout (J080238), and Newry Railway Tunnel (J071266; Fig. 4B).Fabrics within these areas are variable and in some cases nearly perpendicular to pluton edges.Some of the anomalous fabrics at Cloghoge Roundabout are thought to correspond to the numerous vari ably orientated sheets that occur there (Ander son et al., 2016).However, the anomalous fab rics at Fathom Mountain Railway Cutting and Newry Railway Tunnel appear to correspond to main parts of the respective Cloghoge and Newry plutons.
Within the satellite bodies, planar AMS fab rics appear to be consistently contactparallel (Fig. 4B).This is particularly clear from Doyles Road (J227418), where a localized deflection in contact orientation (to approximately north south) corresponds to a similarly orientated AMS fabric.

Linear AMS Fabric Trends
Linear AMS fabrics also show a largely concentric trend and typically plunge at <45° (Figs.4B and 5).Anomalous steeply plunging (>45°-90°) fabrics also occur, although these are mostly restricted to the Rathfriland pluton (Fig. 5).These steeper fabrics also appear to oc cur mainly at pluton margins, particularly within zones C and F of the Rathfriland pluton, as well as within areas along the NewryCloghoge plu ton boundary (Fig. 4B).

AMS Fabric Strength
A relatively weak correlation exists between linear and planar fabric strength (L and F) within the Newry igneous complex (Fig. 6).Anoma lies to this trend include a number of samples that exhibit moderate F values (5%-10%) with very low L values (<2%), as well as several samples that show independently high values of either L or F (Fig. 6). Figure 7 illustrates that there are more planar than linear AMS fabrics within the Newry igneous complex as a whole (i.e., positive T j values).This relationship is par ticularly clear within the Rathfriland pluton and satellite bodies, while fabric shapes within the Newry and Cloghoge plutons are more variable (Fig. 7).Fabric shape appears to show little rela tionship to intensity (P j ), although the strongest two fabrics encountered are clearly more planar (Fig. 7).
Mapping of F and L values shows that these parameters are variable throughout the Newry igneous complex, although patterns can be de termined in particular areas (Fig. 6).High values of F and L occur close to the GH zone bound ary of the Rathfriland pluton and zone K of the Newry pluton, specifically at Cabra (J268353), St. Mary's Church (J248336), Curley Road (J151348), Newry Road (J137319), Goragh wood Quarry (J065321), and Greenan Lough (J111235).Most of the samples from these areas exhibit relatively high values of both param eters, although in a few examples, F is high while L is significantly lower.High values of both F and L are not encountered anywhere else within the Newry igneous complex other than in these areas.
Samples with relatively high L values and significantly lower F values occur within the southwestern Newry pluton and the northeastern Cloghoge pluton.These are observed clearly at Newry Railway Tunnel (J071266) and Cloghoge Roundabout (J080238; Fig. 6).The fabrics at these localities are also notably oblique to the concentric trend within the Newry igneous com plex as a whole (see Fig. 6).

Correlation of AMS and Visible Fabrics
Visible foliations (Fig. 3) and planar AMS fabrics (Fig. 4B) show very similar orientations.This close relationship applies for both the con centric and oblique observed trends, with the

A Figure 4 (on this and following two pages). (A) Stereographically plotted anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results for selected samples from the Newry igneous complex (NIC) and satellite bodies.
latter being observed at Ballymagreehan Quarry (J304355) and the northeastern part of the Cloghoge pluton.As a result, AMS results are considered to accurately reflect visible mineral foliations.The granitoids at Fathom Mountain Railway Cutting (J077213) display no visible fabrics, and so AMS data provide all fabric in formation for this area (Fig. 4B).

Thermomagnetic Analysis
Thermomagnetic data were obtained from five samples across four zones within the Newry igneous complex.These were zone I: biotite granodiorite from the Rathfriland plu ton; zone L: hornblende granodiorite from the Newry pluton; zone M: sheeted biotite grano diorite from the Cloghoge pluton; and zone O: felsic granodiorite from the Cloghoge pluton (Fig. 8).Results from these samples are shown in Figure 8 and reveal the following four rela tionships: Abrupt high-temperature magnetic susceptibility decrease.All analyzed samples showed a sharp, significant decline in magnetic suscep tibility between ~570 °C and 600 °C (Fig. 8).In each case, this plots as a slightly curved line, with an inflection point at around 580 °C.The trend is indicative of a ferromagnetic (sensu lato) mineral, with the inflection point corre sponding to the Curie temperature of this min eral (Petrovský and Kapička, 2006;Fabian et al., 2013).The Curie temperature of pure magnetite is 580 °C (Dunlop, 2006), and so this is thought to represent the dominant magnetic component in the analyzed samples.
Hopkinson Peak.Sample C3B showed a hightemperature rise in magnetic susceptibil ity during heating (Fig. 8).This occurred over a relatively wide temperature range, preced ing a highertemperature abrupt susceptibil ity decrease.The trend is consistent with the Hopkinson effect, whereby during heating, a magnetic susceptibility peak occurs immedi ately prior to the Curie point (Hopkinson, 1890;Dunlop, 1974).This can relate to either single domain magnetic grains or large multidomain grains.Multidomain grains typically produce a narrower susceptibility peak than the one observed in sample C3B (Radhakrishnamurty and Likhite, 1970;Dunlop, 1974), although the data are very scattered, introducing uncertainty.Therefore, the magnetic mineralogy of sample C3B may consist of either singledomain or multidomain magnetite, whereas other samples are thought to be dominated by relatively small multidomain magnetite.
Midtemperature susceptibility peak.All samples showed peaks in magnetic suscep tibility at ~200-300 °C during heating (Fig. 8).The rise in magnetic susceptibility leading up to this peak is best explained by the growth of new ferromagnetic minerals (such as magnetite and titano magnetite) during heating (de Boer and Dekkers, 2001).The decline in susceptibility at higher temperatures can in turn be explained by a change from ilmenite with titanomagnetite (or magnetite) inclusions to homogeneous ilmenite with heating, since the latter will have lower magnetic susceptibility (Akimoto, 1954;Tarling and Hrouda, 1993;Hrouda et al., 1997).The de cline in magnetic susceptibility associated with this process is relatively small, supporting the interpretation that stoichiometric magnetite rep resents the dominant magnetic component.
Variation between heating and cooling trends.During cooling, all analyzed samples showed lower susceptibilities (Fig. 8).This is thought to mainly result from rapid cooling under experimental conditions preventing exso lution of titanomagnetite (or magnetite) within ilmenite.Hence, the titanomagnetite/magne tite that was present at low temperatures prior to heating of the samples is not regained dur ing cooling, resulting in a relatively flat cool ing trend (Akimoto, 1954;Tarling and Hrouda, 1993;Hrouda et al., 1997).Some susceptibility reduction on cooling may also be due to oxida tion of biotite and hornblende (which are almost ubiquitous throughout the Newry igneous com plex; see Anderson et al., 2016) during heating, meaning that these no longer contribute to the magnetic susceptibility as the sample is cooled (Böhnel et al., 2002).
The results suggest that magnetite is the dom inant magnetic fabric-carrying mineral through out the Newry igneous complex, together with possible minor amounts of titanomagnetite, bio tite, and hornblende.The magnetite is thought to mostly consist of multidomain grains, although in some areas (i.e., the eastern Cloghoge plu ton), singledomain grains may also be present.

Tectonic Generation of Space
Orientations of hostrock bedding and cleav age support the work of Beamish et al. (2010), indicating a strike swing within the Gala Group of the Southern UplandsDownLongford terrane in the vicinity of the Newry igneous complex (Figs. 1, 2, and 4).During late Cale donian sinistral transtension (Bluck, 1985;Soper andWoodcock, 1990, 2003;Soper et al., 1992;Dewey and Strachan, 2003;Brown et al., 2008), this strike swing would have led to the development of pullapart space within the crust.This space is likely to have developed along the faults separating tracts of the Gala Group.Figure 9 shows that the fault separat ing Gala Group tracts 7 + 2 and 7 + 3 can be extrapolated directly through the Seeconnell complex and the central Rathfriland pluton, suggesting that tectonic space for these bodies was generated along this fault.The fault sepa rating Gala Group tracts 7 + 1 and 7 + 2 can in turn be extrapolated through the central Newry and Cloghoge plutons, suggesting that tectonic space for these bodies was generated by open ing along this second fault.
Emplacement of the satellite bodies asso ciated with the Newry igneous complex (Fig. 2) may also have been tectonically facilitated.However, since these bodies are situated at oblique angles to local hostrock tracts (Cooper et al., 2016;Anderson et al., 2016), they are not thought to have intruded along particular faulted tract boundaries in the way that the main part of the Newry igneous complex may initially have been.Instead, the satellite bodies may rep resent magma that infilled concentric fractures asso ciated with pullapart tectonics, i.e., a form of ring dikes (Fig. 10; e.g., Mann et al., 1983;Smith, 2004).

Magma Overpressure Causing Inflation of the Newry Igneous Complex
Evidence for inflation of the Newry igneous complex due to magma overpressure is provided from both the host rocks and the complex itself.The parallelism of bedding and cleavage to the Newry igneous complex margins within proxi mal host rocks suggests that these rocks were deformed and deflected through inflation of the Newry igneous complex, which is consistent with high magma pressure (Fig. 4; e.g., Johnson and Pollard, 1973;Hutton, 1988;Molyneux and Hutton, 2000).The fact that bedding and cleav age in more distal host rocks occupy an inde pendent trend (i.e., associated with the inferred strike swing) indicates that the influence of infla tion on hostrock deformation diminishes with distance from the Newry igneous complex, as has been observed in other studies (e.g., Pitcher, 1997;Molyneux and Hutton, 2000;Steven son et al., 2007a).
The general concentric trend of visible min eral foliations within each pluton of the Newry igneous complex is also consistent with high magma pressure (Fig. 4).This trend also sup ports inflation from a central part of each pluton, which is in turn consistent with the zonation of the Newry igneous complex whereby individual plutons are younger closer to the center (Ander son et al., 2016).
Exceptions to the concentric mineral foli ation trend within the eastern Cloghoge and southern Rathfriland plutons are accounted for by the fact that the granitoids in these areas are thought to represent obliquely orientated (NE SW-trending) sheets comprising part of zone M of the Newry igneous complex.It is consid ered that the fabrics within these areas reflect intrusion of the sheets, with any later overprint from inflation being insufficient to reorien tate the resulting oblique trend.The inferred contactparallel nature of fabrics within these sheets is supported by AMS results from the satellite bodies, which reveal contactparallel magnetic foliations.
Alternatively, the oblique mineral foliations at Knockiveagh Hill (J178376) within the main Rathfriland pluton (Fig. 4) are considered to re flect the anomalous pluton margin trend in this area.It is proposed that flattening of a magma mush against this variably orientated part of the pluton margin would have produced fabrics that are similarly variably orientated, thus account ing for the oblique examples.
The predominantly shallowly to moderately dipping, concentric linear AMS fabrics are sug gested to represent stretching associated with inflation of the Newry igneous complex.Since linear AMS fabric strength and planar AMS fabric strength (L and F) are correlated (Fig. 6), this inflation is also inferred to have been due to magma overpressure.The implied orientation of stretching is variable, although the dominance of shallower fabrics suggests that this may have been more pronounced in the horizontal plane (e.g., Brun et al., 1990).However, this inter pretation may simply reflect level of exposure within the complex rather than processes oper ating for entire plutons.Figure 7. Plot of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabric parameters T j and P j (Jelinek, 1981) for the main parts of the Newry igneous complex.T j represents overall fabric intensity, and P j represents fabric shape (positive values: disk-like; negative values: rod-like).

Inflation of Individual Magma Pulses within the Newry Igneous Complex
The AMS results provide evidence that in flation of plutons within the Newry igneous complex occurred largely due to magma over pressure within individual magma pulses.The significantly high AMS fabric strengths close to the GH zone boundary of the Rathfriland pluton and zone K of the Newry pluton (Fig. 7) suggest that these areas, in particular, were affected by this.It is proposed that the two magma pulses as sociated with these strong fabrics are represented by zone H of the Rathfriland pluton and zone L of the Newry pluton (Fig. 7).It is suggested that magma overpressure within both of these zones deformed the adjacent outer parts of their respec tive plutons, which would have exhibited more viscous rheologies due to the time intervals in volved in emplacement (Anderson et al., 2016).
The exclusively high L values within samples at the western margin of zone L are also thought to reflect magma pressure.It is considered that in this area, stretching occurred along the flattening plane within the magma mush during inflation, producing fabrics that are dominated by a linear component.The proximity of these samples to the adjacent zone K, which likely represented a solid crystal framework at this time (Anderson et al., 2016), may have facilitated this process.The similar exclusively high L values within the sheets of the northeastern Cloghoge pluton may in turn relate to the same process.

Laccolithic Morphology of the Newry Igneous Complex
Mineral foliations within the Newry igneous complex can be used to infer pluton geom etries, since these features are interpreted to reflect out warddirected magma pressure.Within individ ual plutons, mineral foliations are dominantly outwarddipping and are shallower within plu ton centers than at their edges.This suggests that plutons are broadly domeshaped and thus can be described as laccoliths.
The crosscutting of steeply dipping hostrock tracts by the Newry igneous complex in turn suggests that the complex encroached laterally into the host rocks.This again suggests that plutons of the Newry igneous complex exhibit laccolithic morphologies.Plutons would have initially crosscut their host rocks in the horizon tal plane, before inflation brought the intrusion boundaries into nearparallelism with hostrock structures.The crosscutting of hostrocks tracts by the Newry igneous complex also precludes emplacement through in situ inflation of an in clined, beddingparallel ascent zone.
Together, this evidence strongly suggests that each of the three main plutons of the Newry ig neous complex represents a separate laccolithic body.The Seeconnell complex is known to have intruded separately (Anderson et al., 2016), al though the overall geometry of this body is less clear.Due to its close relationship with the main part of the Newry igneous complex, the Seecon nell complex is tentatively thought to also repre sent a laccolithic body.

Emplacement in a Wider Context
Figure 9 shows that the two Gala Group tract boundaries associated with tectonic space gen eration (Gala 7 + 2/7 + 3 and Gala 7 + 1/7 + 2) appear to intersect the Argyll and Newry linea ments, respectively.Furthermore, these hypoth esized intersections occur in significant areas of the Newry igneous complex, namely, the Seeconnell complex and along a line joining the Newry and Cloghoge pluton centers.These hypothesized intersections thus occur in the old est part of the Newry igneous complex and in the centers of two of its plutons.Therefore, they likely represent sites where magma would have first entered the emplacement site of the Newry igneous complex before expanding outward during subsequent intrusion.
Since the Argyll and Newry lineaments rep resent deepseated structures (Cooper et al., 2013), it is proposed that these faults facili tated the ascent of magma from depth (Fig. 10).Where these faults intersected Gala Group tract boundaries, magma would have been able to ascend further, ultimately supplying the Newry igneous complex (Fig. 10; e.g., Jacques and Reavy, 1994;Stevenson et al., 2006).The magma supplying the Newry igneous complex is considered to have originated from the up per mantle, before occupying a staging site and attaining intermediate composition (Meighan and Neeson, 1979;Meighan et al., 2003).The intersection of deepseated lineaments with tract boundaries higher in the crust would have allowed such transcrustal ascent of magma, although the crustal level of the staging site is unclear.The intersection between the Newry lineament and the Gala 7 + 2/7 + 3 boundary is also located close to the center of the Paleogene Slieve Gullion complex (Fig. 9; Cooper et al., 2013), suggesting that the magma supply for this intrusion may have been controlled by the same crustal structures as parts of the Newry ig neous complex.
The only major site of intrusion within the Newry igneous complex that does not corre spond to one of these lineaments is the central Rathfriland pluton, although this is located on the extrapolated Gala 7 + 2/7 + 3 boundary (Fig. 9).It is suggested that magma supplying the central Rathfriland pluton migrated south westward along the Gala 7 + 2/7 + 3 boundary from the point at which this boundary intersects the Argyll lineament (Fig. 10).This may have been due to the accommodation space associ ated with initial tectonic opening (leading to the Seeconnell complex) being filled.
UPb data (Cooper et al., 2016) suggest that the Newry igneous complex gets younger to the SW, with its oldest part being the Seecon nell complex.Therefore, it is proposed that the intersection between the Argyll lineament and the Gala 7 + 2/7 + 3 tract boundary, which oc curs directly beneath the Seeconnell complex, provided the initial ascent route for magma sup plying the Newry igneous complex.This led to emplacement of the Seeconnell complex at ca. 414 Ma, followed by the main Rath friland pluton from 413 to 411 Ma (Fig. 10).The inter section between the Newry lineament and Gala 7 + 1/7 + 2 tract boundary subsequently fa cilitated ascent, leading to the emplacement of the Newry pluton from 411 to 410 Ma and the Cloghoge pluton until 407 Ma (Fig. 10).
We hypothesize that sinistral shear along the Argyll and Newry lineaments during late Caledonian deformation produced the tension releasing bend within the Gala Group (Fig. 10).Higher in the crust, reduced confining pressure would in turn have allowed tectonic open ing along this releasing bend.It is proposed that this local stress field induced horizontal magma flow, leading to lateral encroachment of the host rocks by magma and ultimately the formation of laccolithic bodies (Fig. 10).

CONCLUSIONS
The following four conclusions are drawn from the current study: (1) This work supports the proposal by Beamish et al. (2010) that intrusion of the Newry igneous complex was facilitated by pull apart tectonics.Furthermore, we suggest that accommodation space for the Newry igneous complex was produced by development of at least four separate pullapart basins.These oc curred along tract boundaries of the Gala Group within the Southern UplandsDownLongford terrane, due to the existence of a releasing bend during late Caledonian sinistral transtension.Opening along the Gala Group 7 + 2/7 + 3 tract boundary led to emplacement of the Seeconnell complex and the main Rathfriland pluton, with subsequent opening along the 7 + 1/7 + 2 tract boundary leading to emplacement of the Newry and Cloghoge plutons.
(2) Inflation of the Newry igneous complex due to magma overpressure also generated significant space.Much of this inflation was likely accom plished by a small number of individual magma pulses.Zone H of the Rathfriland pluton and zone L of the Newry pluton are thought to represent such key pulses, although others may also exist.
(4) Interaction between deepseated linea ments and Gala Group tract boundaries may have controlled the siting of the Newry igneous complex.Magma ascending within deepseated lineaments would have been able to ascend fur ther where these intersected the uppercrustal tract boundaries.Magma ascending from the intersection between the Argyll lineament and the Gala Group 7 + 2/7 + 3 tract boundary may have supplied the Seeconnell complex, before laterally migrating to supply the main Rath friland pluton.Magma ascending from the nearparallel intersection between the Newry lineament and the Gala Group 7 + 1/7 + 2 tract boundary may have subsequently supplied the Newry and Cloghoge plutons.The latter inter section also underlies the Paleogene Slieve Gullion complex, and so siting of this intrusion may have been controlled by the same crustal structures as parts of the Newry igneous com plex.It is possible that movement along deep seated lineaments may have resulted in the bend within the Southern UplandsDownLongford terrane that yielded tectonic space for intrusion of the Newry igneous complex.Late Caledonian sinistral shear along the Argyll and Newry linea ments may have produced the observed releas ing bend of the Gala Group within the Southern UplandsDownLongford terrane.Higher in the crust, reduced confining pressure may have re sulted in tectonic opening along this releasing bend.This local stress field would have induced horizontal magma flow, so that previously steeply ascending magma encroached laterally to form laccolithic bodies.
Altogether, these findings suggest that em placement of igneous complexes may be fa cilitated by many interdependent processes operating during magma ascent and at the final emplacement site.Therefore, simplistic em placement models should largely be abandoned in favor of holistic models incorporating mul tiple processes.
Figure 1.Geology of the Newry igneous complex (NIC) and its host rocks, including age determinations (in Ma) for the Newry igneous complex and recognized aeromagnetic/radiometric anomalies within the complex derived by Cooper et al. (2016); a newly mapped zonation of the Newry igneous complex (defined by zones A-O) derived by Anderson et al. (2016); and a simplification of the local host-rock structure, highlighting the modified Gala Group tract boundaries inferred by Beamish et al. (2010).The zonation includes the satellite bodies, which consist of fine-grained biotite/hornblende granodiorite.The positions of major grid lines (corresponding to sample grid references within Appendix 2 [see text footnote 1]) and the locations of key geographical features are also shown.Irish grid coordinate system.

AFigure 3
Figure 3 (on this and following page).Field structural data collected from the Newry igneous complex (NIC), satellite bodies, and host rocks.All data were collected during the current study, excluding the highlighted mineral foliations collected by Neeson (1984).(A) Data collected from the Rathfriland pluton and adjacent host rocks/satellite bodies.

BFigure 3
Figure 3 (continued).(B) Data collected from the Newry and Cloghoge plutons and adjacent host rocks/satellite bodies, and inset showing an enlarged map relating to the area of host rock between the southern Newry and Cloghoge pluton boundaries.See Figure 1 for zones and facies.Irish grid coordinate system.
Figure 4 (continued ).(B) Derived planar and linear AMS fabrics for the Rathfriland pluton and adjacent satellite bodies.
Figure 4 (continued).(C) Derived planar and linear AMS fabrics for the Newry and Cloghoge plutons and adjacent satellite bodies.See Figure 1 for zones and facies.Irish grid coordinate system.

Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 5. Stereographically projected orientations of K 1 (upper stereonet) and K 3 (lower stereonet) values obtained from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis.Results from the three plutons of the Newry igneous complex and the satellite bodies are distinguished.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Thermomagnetic results, showing changes in magnetic susceptibility during heating and subsequent cooling for five samples from the Newry igneous complex.Sample locations are shown on the inset map (see Fig. 1 for zones and facies).Irish grid coordinate system.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Gala Group tract boundaries and deep-seated crustal lineaments in the vicinity of the Newry igneous complex.Tract boundaries are extrapolated through the Newry igneous complex (after Beamish et al., 2010; Cooper et al., 2013).See Figure 1 for zones and facies.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Schematic emplacement history of the Newry igneous complex and its satellite bodies, showing the interaction between deepseated lineaments and Gala Group tract boundaries within the crust.