Newly discovered diamictite and cap carbonate couplet in the southern Alxa Block, northwestern China: Implications for stratigraphic correlation and Marinoan glaciation

Neoproterozoic glaciogenic diamictite and cap carbonate couplets have played a pivotal role in understanding glacial-interglacial cycles and establishing regional stratigraphic correlation. The Alxa Block in northwestern China preserves a sequence of Neoproterozoic diamictites along its southern margin, but the age and origin of the succession remain debatable due to the lack of discovery of cap carbonate. We report newly discovered cap carbonates that overlie the diamictites of the Shaohuotonggou Formation in the Longshoushan region in the southern Alxa Block. Based on detailed geological investigations, we identified massive diamictites, stratified diamictites, and cap carbonates in the lower part of the formation. The presence of ice-rafted dropstones, bullet-shaped and facetted clasts, glacial striations, and relatively low chemical index of alteration values of sedimentary matrix support a glaciogenic origin of the diamictites. The 2- to 2.6-m-thick cap carbonates are mainly composed of thinly laminated microcrystalline dolomites and show sheet cracks, cemented breccias, and tepee-like structures at the basal part of the unit. These features and their consistently negative δ¹³C values (−5.2‰ to −2.2‰) are characteristic of Marinoan-age cap carbonates (ca. 635 Ma). The quasi-continuous deposition of the massive diamictites, stratified diamictites, and cap carbonates suggests that the formation of this couplet was closely related to the Marinoan glaciation and subsequent deglaciation. We propose a three-stage depositional model for the glaciogenic succession and recommend that the diamictite and cap carbonate couplet in the Alxa Block provides a credible mark of the Cryogenian−Ediacaran boundary for further stratigraphic correlation and investigation.