Tracing black shales in the source of a porphyry Mo deposit using molybdenum isotopes

Porphyry Mo deposits are important suppliers of molybdenum for industrial applications, but the origin and source of metals in these deposits remain debated. Here, we present Mo isotope data for Miocene mineralized porphyritic monzogranites (MPMs) and Paleocene barren biotite monzogranites and tuffs (BMTs) from the Bangpu porphyry Mo (Cu) deposit in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. The results show that the MPMs display radiogenic Sr and Pb isotopes and elevated δ^98/95Mo (relative to NIST SRM 3134; +0.07‰–1.2‰) and Mo contents, which exceed the range of the depleted mantle. These characteristics cannot be attributed to surface weathering, hydrothermal alteration, magmatic differentiation, or partial melting but rather reflect the incorporation of Mo from black shales into their magma sources, as evidenced by the significant correlations between δ^98/95Mo and ε_Nd(t) and aluminum saturation index (ASI) values. In contrast, the BMTs display lower Mo and δ^98/95Mo values than the mineralized samples, and their δ^98/95Mo values display no correlations with radiogenic isotopes or ASI values. The contrasting characteristics of mineralized and barren samples provide strong evidence that the addition of black shales played an important role in the formation of the Bangpu porphyry Mo deposit. Our study thus establishes a possible link between porphyry Mo deposits and organic-rich sediments and highlights the great potential of Mo isotopes in studying porphyry Mo deposits.