Archean to Anthropocene: Field Guides to the Geology of the Mid-Continent of North America

This volume of 25 field guides plus one paper on field instruction was prepared in conjunction with the 2011 GSA Annual Meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The diverse slate of field trips spans a geologically broad range of topics, including the Precambrian geology of the southern Canadian Shield; the economic geology of the Lake Superior region; Phanerozoic strata in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and North Dakota; glacial geology; hydrogeology and limnology; undergraduate and K12 geoscience field education; archaeological investigations in the upper Mississippi River valley; and geology by bicycle.
Ice advances and retreats, inlets and outlets, sediments and strandlines of the western Lake Superior basin Available to Purchase
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Published:January 01, 2011
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CitationHoward C. Hobbs, Andy Breckenridge, 2011. "Ice advances and retreats, inlets and outlets, sediments and strandlines of the western Lake Superior basin", Archean to Anthropocene: Field Guides to the Geology of the Mid-Continent of North America, James D. Miller, George J. Hudak, Chad Wittkop, Patrick I. McLaughlin
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ABSTRACT
This field guide examines the evidence for multiple readvances of the Superior lobe, as well as the morphological and sediment record of glacial lakes in the western Lake Superior basin. During each readvance of the Superior lobe, ice went a shorter distance, reached a lower elevation, and laid down a finer-grained till due to incorporation of proglacial lake sediment. There are three distinct tills, which are correlated to three readvance phases: the St. Croix/Automba, Split Rock, and Nickerson. A red clay typically caps the stratigraphy at lower elevations in the basin. This clay may be a fourth till associated with a late readvance, perhaps equivalent to the Marquette phase in eastern Lake Superior. Alternatively, the red clay may be lacustrine. At issue are the potential hydraulic connections between glacial Lake Agassiz and the Atlantic Ocean during, and after, the Younger Dryas, because a readvance would fill the western Superior basin with ice and prohibit eastern Lake Agassiz drainage. Additional stops highlight the strandline and sediment record of the youngest glacial lake phase (glacial Lake Duluth), including the inspection of Lake Superior sediment cores that are archived at the National Lacustrine Core Repository in Minneapolis. The goals of the selected stops are to underscore the current understanding of the late glacial history of the western Superior basin and to provide new insights to spark discussion.
- Cenozoic
- clastic sediments
- clay
- deglaciation
- drainage
- field trips
- glacial extent
- glacial features
- glacial geology
- glacial lakes
- glacial sedimentation
- glaciation
- ice movement
- lacustrine environment
- Lake Agassiz
- lake sediments
- Lake Superior region
- lakes
- Minnesota
- North America
- paleogeography
- Pleistocene
- Quaternary
- road log
- sedimentation
- sediments
- shorelines
- till
- United States
- upper Pleistocene
- upper Weichselian
- Weichselian
- Wisconsin
- Younger Dryas
- Superior Lobe
- Lake Duluth