Laurentia: Turning Points in the Evolution of a Continent
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The North American continent has a rich record of the tectonic environments and processes that occur throughout much of Earth history. This Memoir focuses on seven “turning points” that had specific and lasting impacts on the evolution of Laurentia: (1) The Neoarchean, characterized by cratonization; (2) the Paleoproterozoic and the initial assembly of Laurentia; (3) the Mesoproterozoic southern margin of Laurentia; (4) the Midcontinent rift and the Grenville orogeny; (5) the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia; (6) the mid-Paleozoic phases of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen; and (7) the Jurassic–Paleogene assembly of the North American Cordillera. The chapters in this Memoir provide syntheses of current understanding of the geologic evolution of Laurentia and North America, as well as new hypotheses for testing.
The jagged western edge of Laurentia: The role of inherited rifted lithospheric structure in subsequent tectonism in the Pacific Northwest
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Published:January 23, 2023
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CiteCitation
B. Tikoff, P. Kelso, A.K. Fayon, R. Gaschnig, R.M. Russo, J. Vervoort, B. Jicha, M.J. Kahn, 2023. "The jagged western edge of Laurentia: The role of inherited rifted lithospheric structure in subsequent tectonism in the Pacific Northwest", Laurentia: Turning Points in the Evolution of a Continent, Steven J. Whitmeyer, Michael L. Williams, Dawn A. Kellett, Basil Tikoff
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ABSTRACT
The rifted Precambrian margin of western Laurentia is hypothesized to have consisted of a series of ~330°-oriented rift segments and ~060°-oriented transform segments. One difficulty with this idea is that the87Sr/86Sri = 0.706 isopleth, which is inferred to coincide with the trace of this rifted margin, is oriented approximately N-S along the western edge of the Idaho batholith and E-W in northern Idaho; the transition between the N-S– and E-W–oriented segments occurs near Orofino, Idaho. We present new paleomagnetic and geochronologic evidence that indicates that the area around Orofino, Idaho, has rotated ~30° clockwise since ca. 85 Ma. Consequently, we interpret the current N-S–oriented margin as originally oriented ~330°, consistent with a Precambrian rift segment, and the E-W margin as originally oriented ~060°, consistent with a transform segment. Independent geochemical and seismic evidence corroborates this interpretation of rotation of Blue Mountains terranes and adjacent Laurentian block. Left-lateral motion along the Lewis and Clark zone during Late Cretaceous–Paleogene time likely accommodated this rotation. The clockwise rotation partially explains the presence of the Columbia embayment, as Laurentian lithosphere was located further west. Restoration of the rotation results in a reconstructed Neoproterozoic margin with a distinct promontory and embayment, and it constrains the rifting direction as SW oriented. The rigid Precambrian rift-transform corner created a transpressional syntaxis during middle Cretaceous deformation associated with the western Idaho and Ahsahka shear zones. During the late Miocene to present, the Precambrian rift-transform corner has acted as a fulcrum, with the Blue Mountains terranes as the lever arm. This motion also explains the paired fan-shaped contractional deformation of the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt and fan-shaped extensional deformation in the Hells Canyon extensional province.
- absolute age
- alkaline earth metals
- Ar/Ar
- Blue Mountains
- body waves
- Cenozoic
- Cretaceous
- elastic waves
- geologic barometry
- Idaho Batholith
- isotope ratios
- isotopes
- Laurentia
- Lewis and Clark Lineament
- lithosphere
- magnetic minerals
- magnetic properties
- magnetic susceptibility
- Mesozoic
- metals
- Middle Cretaceous
- nesosilicates
- orthosilicates
- Pacific Coast
- Paleogene
- paleomagnetism
- plate tectonics
- Precambrian
- reconstruction
- rifting
- S-waves
- seismic waves
- silicates
- Sr-87/Sr-86
- stable isotopes
- strontium
- Tertiary
- U/Pb
- United States
- wave splitting
- xenocrysts
- Yakima fold belt
- zircon
- zircon group
- Great Falls tectonic zone
- Syringa Embayment
- Syringa Syntaxis
- Hells Canyon Province