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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Campeche Scarp (1)
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Florida Escarpment (1)
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Viosca Knoll (2)
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Scotian Shelf (1)
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Australasia
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Australia (1)
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Barton Springs (2)
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Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin (1)
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Canada (1)
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Caribbean region (1)
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Colorado River basin (1)
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Europe
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Portugal (1)
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Green River basin (1)
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Gulf of Mexico Basin (3)
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Maverick Basin (8)
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Mexico
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Coahuila Mexico (2)
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Sonora Mexico (3)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (1)
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Great Plains (1)
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Gulf Coastal Plain (40)
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Rocky Mountains (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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South China Sea
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Gulf of Thailand (1)
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Malay Basin (1)
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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South China Sea
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Gulf of Thailand (1)
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Malay Basin (1)
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Permian Basin (1)
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Rio Grande (2)
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South America
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Venezuela (1)
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Sydney Basin (1)
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United States
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Alabama
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Mobile County Alabama
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Mobile Alabama (1)
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Washington County Alabama (1)
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Anadarko Basin (1)
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Arizona
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Cochise County Arizona (7)
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Arkansas
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Howard County Arkansas (1)
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Black Warrior Basin (1)
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California (1)
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Colorado (2)
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Florida
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Kansas
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McPherson County Kansas (1)
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Saline County Kansas (1)
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Louisiana (4)
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Mississippi
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Hancock County Mississippi (1)
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Montana (1)
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New Mexico
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Dona Ana County New Mexico (1)
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Lea County New Mexico (1)
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New York (1)
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Oklahoma
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Arbuckle Mountains (1)
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Love County Oklahoma (1)
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Marshall County Oklahoma (1)
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Sabine Uplift (3)
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Texas
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Anderson County Texas (1)
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Balcones fault zone (17)
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Bee County Texas (1)
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Bell County Texas (4)
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Bexar County Texas (7)
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Blanco County Texas (1)
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Bosque County Texas (1)
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Brewster County Texas
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Big Bend National Park (2)
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Burleson County Texas (1)
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Burnet County Texas (2)
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Coke County Texas (1)
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Comal County Texas (8)
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Comanche County Texas (1)
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Cooke County Texas (1)
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Culberson County Texas (1)
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Dallas County Texas (2)
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Denton County Texas (2)
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East Texas (15)
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East Texas Basin (12)
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East Texas Field (2)
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Edwards Aquifer (11)
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Edwards Plateau (5)
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El Paso County Texas (1)
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Fayette County Texas (1)
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Gillespie County Texas (1)
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Grayson County Texas (4)
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Harrison County Texas (2)
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Hays County Texas (3)
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Hill County Texas (1)
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Hood County Texas (3)
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Houston County Texas (1)
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Hudspeth County Texas
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Quitman Mountains (1)
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Johnson County Texas (1)
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Kendall County Texas (1)
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Kimble County Texas (1)
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Kinney County Texas (2)
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La Salle County Texas (3)
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Lavaca County Texas (2)
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Leon County Texas (1)
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Llano Uplift (2)
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Madison County Texas (1)
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Maverick County Texas (3)
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McLennan County Texas
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Waco Texas (1)
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Medina County Texas (1)
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Midland Basin (1)
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Midland County Texas (1)
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Mills County Texas (1)
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Montague County Texas (1)
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Nacogdoches County Texas (3)
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Panola County Texas (2)
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Parker County Texas (3)
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Pecos County Texas (1)
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Real County Texas (1)
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Reeves County Texas (2)
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Rusk County Texas (2)
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San Marcos Arch (11)
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Scurry County Texas (1)
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Shelby County Texas (3)
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Smith County Texas (2)
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Somervell County Texas (3)
-
Tarrant County Texas
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Fort Worth Texas (4)
-
-
Travis County Texas (10)
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Trinity Aquifer (3)
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Uvalde County Texas (4)
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Val Verde Basin (1)
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Val Verde County Texas (1)
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West Texas (3)
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Williamson County Texas (1)
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Wood County Texas (1)
-
-
Trans-Pecos (1)
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Wyoming
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Uinta County Wyoming (1)
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-
-
-
commodities
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bitumens
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asphalt (1)
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brines (6)
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coal deposits (1)
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energy sources (3)
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geothermal energy (1)
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metal ores
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uranium ores (1)
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mineral exploration (1)
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oil and gas fields (16)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (1)
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tight sands (3)
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water resources (3)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (4)
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C-14 (1)
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halogens
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bromine (1)
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chlorine (1)
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isotope ratios (6)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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C-14 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
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O-18/O-16 (5)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
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metals
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actinides
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uranium (1)
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alkali metals
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potassium (3)
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sodium (1)
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-
alkaline earth metals
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
magnesium
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Mg/Ca (1)
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strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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-
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aluminum (1)
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copper (1)
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iron (1)
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molybdenum (2)
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nickel (1)
-
-
oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (5)
-
-
silicon (2)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
-
trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
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burrows (2)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
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Mammalia
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Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae
-
Smilodon (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Mammuthus (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Cryptodira (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia
-
Eusuchia (1)
-
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cyclostomata (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Malacostraca
-
Brachyura (2)
-
-
Ostracoda (2)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa
-
Cheilostomata (2)
-
Ctenostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Asteroidea (1)
-
Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (3)
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Calcarea (1)
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina (1)
-
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta
-
Characeae (1)
-
-
-
palynomorphs
-
miospores
-
Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (2)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta
-
Characeae (1)
-
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (3)
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (1)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (1)
-
-
-
-
thallophytes (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (1)
-
U/Pb (1)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (3)
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
Sparta Sand (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (3)
-
middle Oligocene (1)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Wilcox Group (5)
-
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (5)
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Antlers Sands (3)
-
Buda Limestone (26)
-
Comanche Peak Limestone (2)
-
Edwards Formation (34)
-
Fredericksburg Group (9)
-
Georgetown Formation (7)
-
Glen Rose Formation (41)
-
Paluxy Formation (6)
-
Pearsall Formation (7)
-
Rodessa Formation (8)
-
Travis Peak Formation (19)
-
Trinity Group (18)
-
Washita Group (17)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Antlers Sands (3)
-
Aptian (6)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Comanche Peak Limestone (2)
-
Cupido Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (34)
-
Fredericksburg Group (9)
-
Georgetown Formation (7)
-
Glen Rose Formation (41)
-
Hosston Formation (4)
-
Kiowa Formation (2)
-
Mural Limestone (5)
-
Paluxy Formation (6)
-
Pearsall Formation (7)
-
Rodessa Formation (8)
-
Sligo Formation (9)
-
Travis Peak Formation (19)
-
Trinity Group (18)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Buda Limestone (26)
-
Cenomanian (6)
-
Eutaw Formation (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (9)
-
Austin Group (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (17)
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (7)
-
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (2)
-
Turonian (2)
-
Tuscaloosa Formation (3)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Norphlet Formation (4)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Bossier Formation (3)
-
Cotton Valley Group (2)
-
Haynesville Formation (3)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (9)
-
-
-
Triassic
-
Hawkesbury Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Lodgepole Formation (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Pottsville Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Canyon Group (2)
-
-
-
-
Devonian (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Ellenburger Group (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Lower Permian
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
-
-
Precambrian (1)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
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granites (1)
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-
volcanic rocks (1)
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-
-
metamorphic rocks
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turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
-
carbonates
-
calcite (11)
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dolomite (4)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
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halite (2)
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sylvite (1)
-
-
-
minerals (1)
-
silicates
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (4)
-
-
plagioclase (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
chalcedony (1)
-
quartz (5)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
zircon group
-
zircon (1)
-
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
montmorillonite (2)
-
smectite (1)
-
-
illite (5)
-
mica group
-
glauconite (1)
-
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (4)
-
gypsum (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
pyrite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (3)
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Campeche Scarp (1)
-
Florida Escarpment (1)
-
Viosca Knoll (2)
-
-
Scotian Shelf (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia (1)
-
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (1)
-
bitumens
-
asphalt (1)
-
-
brines (6)
-
Canada (1)
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
C-14 (1)
-
-
Caribbean region (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (3)
-
middle Eocene
-
Carrizo Sand (1)
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
Sparta Sand (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene
-
Frio Formation (3)
-
middle Oligocene (1)
-
Vicksburg Group (1)
-
-
Wilcox Group (5)
-
-
-
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Tetrapoda
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae
-
Smilodon (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Mammuthus (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Cryptodira (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia
-
Eusuchia (1)
-
-
dinosaurs
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
coal deposits (1)
-
continental shelf (1)
-
crust (1)
-
crystal chemistry (1)
-
crystal growth (2)
-
data processing (3)
-
deformation (13)
-
diagenesis (26)
-
economic geology (12)
-
energy sources (3)
-
engineering geology (2)
-
Europe
-
Southern Europe
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Portugal (1)
-
-
-
-
faults (27)
-
folds (9)
-
fractures (17)
-
geochemistry (15)
-
geophysical methods (15)
-
geothermal energy (1)
-
ground water (11)
-
heat flow (5)
-
hydrogeology (1)
-
hydrology (3)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
granites (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks (1)
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (3)
-
-
intrusions (1)
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Malacostraca
-
Brachyura (2)
-
-
Ostracoda (2)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (1)
-
Bryozoa
-
Cheilostomata (2)
-
Ctenostomata (1)
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
-
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Asterozoa
-
Stelleroidea
-
Asteroidea (1)
-
Ophiuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (3)
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
-
-
Gastropoda (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Calcarea (1)
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina (1)
-
-
Radiolaria (3)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (4)
-
O-18/O-16 (5)
-
S-34/S-32 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
magmas (1)
-
maps (2)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (5)
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Antlers Sands (3)
-
Buda Limestone (26)
-
Comanche Peak Limestone (2)
-
Edwards Formation (34)
-
Fredericksburg Group (9)
-
Georgetown Formation (7)
-
Glen Rose Formation (41)
-
Paluxy Formation (6)
-
Pearsall Formation (7)
-
Rodessa Formation (8)
-
Travis Peak Formation (19)
-
Trinity Group (18)
-
Washita Group (17)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian
-
upper Albian (1)
-
-
Antlers Sands (3)
-
Aptian (6)
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Comanche Peak Limestone (2)
-
Cupido Formation (1)
-
Edwards Formation (34)
-
Fredericksburg Group (9)
-
Georgetown Formation (7)
-
Glen Rose Formation (41)
-
Hosston Formation (4)
-
Kiowa Formation (2)
-
Mural Limestone (5)
-
Paluxy Formation (6)
-
Pearsall Formation (7)
-
Rodessa Formation (8)
-
Sligo Formation (9)
-
Travis Peak Formation (19)
-
Trinity Group (18)
-
Valanginian (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Potomac Group (1)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Buda Limestone (26)
-
Cenomanian (6)
-
Eutaw Formation (2)
-
Gulfian
-
Austin Chalk (9)
-
Austin Group (2)
-
Eagle Ford Formation (17)
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
Woodbine Formation (7)
-
-
Lance Formation (1)
-
Mesaverde Group (2)
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Comanchean
Failure Modes and Fault Morphology
Characterizing petroleum in source-rock core samples using HRGC data
Mineralogy controls fracture containment in mechanically layered carbonates
Deeper-water deposition in intrashelf basins: Example from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) upper Glen Rose Formation in the Houston trough, eastern Texas
Testing of a permanent orbital surface source and distributed acoustic sensing for monitoring of unconventional reservoirs: Preliminary results from the Eagle Ford Shale
Geologic characterization of the type cored section for the Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk Group in southern Texas: A combination fractured and unconventional reservoir
High-resolution hyperspectral-based continuous mineralogical and total organic carbon analysis of the Eagle Ford Group and associated formations in south Texas
Fault zone processes and fluid history in Austin Chalk, southwest Texas
Mineralogical composition and total organic carbon quantification using x-ray fluorescence data from the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group in southern Texas
A history of pore water oxygen isotope evolution in the Cretaceous Travis Peak Formation in East Texas
ABSTRACT The groundwater flow system composed of the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) Aquifer and the Hill Country portion of the Trinity Aquifer together occupy an area of ~100,000 km 2 of west-central Texas. In addition to the common groundwater flow system, these aquifers also share a common, contiguous hydrostratigraphy—the Trinity Group hydrostratigraphic unit. The aquifers provide the primary source of water for the Edwards Plateau and Texas Hill Country and also sustain numerous springs and streams in the region. The sensitivity of the aquifers to drought and well discharge has raised concerns over the availability of water from these aquifers. Groundwater discharge takes the form of (1) discharge to streams and springs; (2) evapotranspiration; (3) pumpage from wells; and (4) cross-formational flow across the Balcones fault zone boundary to the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer and underlying parts of the Trinity Aquifer. Groundwater inflow to these aquifers occurs by diffuse and discrete infiltration through the aquifer outcrops. Due to regional variability of lithologic compositions, hydraulic conductivity and storativity vary both vertically and laterally throughout the aquifer, with hydraulic conductivity decreasing with depth and from north to south.
The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer
ABSTRACT The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is a shallow unconfined aquifer that supports several historical springs, perennial streamflow to Lake Waco, and water for rural households and livestock. Secondary porosity in the aquifer is from neotectonic fractures and epikarst in the Georgetown and Edwards Formations. The fractures produce an “effective” porosity of ~1%. Thin soils allow rapid recharge, as indicated by water-level responses in wells within 24 h of rainfall events. Discharge is generally along second-order streams; topography is the dominant influence on groundwater flow direction. The interbedded clays in the Georgetown Formation create a preferred horizontal to vertical anisotropy. The fractured nature of the aquifer produces local heterogeneity, but regionally, the aquifer acts as a diffuse rather than conduit flow system. Weathering results in a layered flow system with greater effective porosity and permeability in an upper zone compared to the deeper zone. Washita Prairie springs are perennial, with discharges generally <0.05 m 3 /s. The groundwater is calcium bicarbonate facies with total dissolved solids (TDS) <500 mg/L in most springs and shallow-zone wells. Water quality in deeper wells is more variable, as these encounter the deeper flow system with slower circulation and higher TDS. The shallow water table and rapid recharge through fractures allow surface activities to impact water quality, and nitrate levels appear to be elevated above average background values in places. The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer may be able to supply over 50,000,000 m 3 of sustainable water on an annual basis with continued study and proper management.
ABSTRACT The Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is structurally controlled by the system of normal faults following the Balcones Escarpment, with major domains, including contributing, recharge (unconfined), and artesian (confined) zones, dictated by the large-displacement (50 m to >250 m throw) normal faults and depth of erosion. Faults and extension fractures, in many cases enhanced by dissolution, localize recharge and flow within the Balcones fault zone and into the subsurface of the artesian zone. Juxtaposition of the Edwards with other aquifers provides avenues for interaquifer communication, while juxtaposition against impermeable layers and concentration of clay and mineralization along faults locally produce fault seals for compartmentalization and confinement. Fault block deformation, including small faults and extension fractures, leads to aquifer permeability anisotropy. Faults also locally provide natural pathways for groundwater discharge through springs above the confined (artesian) zone. Although the importance of joints and faults in the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer system is recognized, there has not been a systematic analysis of the meter-scale structures in the Edwards and associated confining units and their influence on groundwater flow. Here, we review evidence from several key areas showing that an analysis of faults and fractures in the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer and associated aquifers and confining units is needed to characterize structural fabrics and assess the permeability architecture critical for the next generation of groundwater modeling of the aquifer.
Water quality and the bad-water (saline-water) zone of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer
ABSTRACT The Edwards aquifers are typically faulted, karstified, and transmissive. Water quality is generally excellent; the hydrochemical facies is mostly a calcium bicarbonate water with total dissolved solids (TDS) <500–1000 mg/L. Exceptions to this result from both natural and anthropogenic factors. In the Edwards Plateau, mixing of the formation water with underlying water from the Trinity aquifers or Permian rocks increases salinity to the west. Along the Balcones fault zone, the southern and eastern borders of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer are demarcated by a bad-water line where salinity rises to over 1000 mg/L. Detailed studies show that this line is a band, because salinities in the aquifer are not uniform with depth. The bad-water (or saline-water) zone is relatively stable over time, and six hydrochemical facies were identified, which are created by different combinations of dissolution of evaporite and other minerals, mixing with basinal brines, dedolomitization, and cross-formational flow from underlying formations. Flow in this zone is restricted, the waters are reducing, and recent studies suggest that microbes play important chemical and physical roles. The bad-water zone has sufficient water in storage and sufficient permeability so that desalination could be a future water-source option.
ABSTRACT The northern segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is an important source of water for municipalities, industry, and landowners in central Texas. Rapid population growth in this part of Texas has increased interest in the north segment of the aquifer and heightened concerns about groundwater availability. The aquifer consists of Cretaceous limestone stratigraphic units that crop out along its western margin and dip toward the east. Groundwater primarily flows from the aquifer outcrop recharge zones toward discharge zones along perennial rivers and streams in the outcrop area and to a lesser extent toward deeper parts of the aquifer, eventually discharging by cross-formational flow to overlying stratigraphic units, such as the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and Austin Chalk. Groundwater isotope compositions in the aquifer indicate that groundwater flow is most active in the unconfined parts of the aquifer and that most recharge occurs during late fall and winter months, even though highest monthly precipitation occurs during the spring. Pumping from the northern segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is ~6.8 × 10 7 L/d, having peaked at ~1.0 × 10 8 L/d in 2004, but still up from ~3.4 × 10 7 L/d in the 1980s. Most of this pumping (~90%) is for municipal uses. However, in the rural northern and heavily urbanized southern parts of the aquifer, domestic and manufacturing uses, respectively, account for a significant portion of total pumping.
ABSTRACT The Barton Springs segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is a prolific karst aquifer system containing the fourth largest spring in Texas, Barton Springs. The Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer supplies drinking water for ~60,000 people, provides habitat for federally listed endangered salamanders, and sustains the iconic recreational Barton Springs pool. The aquifer is composed of Lower Cretaceous carbonate strata with porosity and permeability controlled by depositional facies, diagenesis, structure, and karstification creating a triple permeability system (matrix, fractures, and conduits). Groundwater flow is rapid within an integrated network of conduits discharging at the springs. Upgradient watersheds provide runoff to the recharge zone, and the majority of recharge occurs in the streams crossing the recharge zone. The remainder is direct recharge from precipitation and other minor sources (inflows from Trinity Group aquifers, the San Antonio segment, the bad-water zone, and anthropogenic sources). The long-term estimated mean water budget is 68 ft 3 /s (1.93 m 3 /s). The Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District developed rules to preserve groundwater supplies and maximize spring flow rates by preserving at least 6.5 ft 3 /s (0.18 m 3 /s) of spring flow during extreme drought. A paradox of the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer is that rapid recharge allows the Barton Springs segment of the aquifer to be sustainable long term, but the aquifer is vulnerable and limited in droughts. The karstic nature of the aquifer makes the Barton Springs segment vulnerable to a variety of natural and anthropogenic contaminants. Future challenges will include maintaining the sustainability of the aquifer, considering climate change, population growth, and related land-use changes.
ABSTRACT The Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer in central Texas is typically defined as having three segments: the San Antonio, the Barton Springs, and the Northern segment, which are separated by groundwater divides or points of discharge. The San Antonio segment of the Edwards Aquifer is defined as extending from east of Brackettville in the west to Hays County in the east. The San Antonio segment has been further delineated into two pools, the San Antonio Pool and the Uvalde Pool, for water management purposes. The San Antonio Pool is the larger of the two pools and is recharged by the Dry Frio, Frio, Sabinal, Medina, Cibolo, Guadalupe, and Blanco River watersheds, in addition to direct recharge and flow from the Uvalde Pool via the Knippa Gap. To a lesser extent, interformational flow between units stratigraphically above and below the Edwards Formation limestone also occurs. The most prominent points of discharge from the San Antonio Pool are Comal, San Marcos, and Hueco Springs. San Pedro and San Antonio Springs in Bexar County discharge during periods of high stage in the aquifer. There are limited numbers of additional springs in the Frio River watershed with limited discharge. Significant water is discharged from the Medina Lake and Diversion Lake (downstream from Medina Lake dam) system via conduits and surface flow to recharge paleo-alluvial deposits (Leona Gravel) in the Medina River floodplain. This discharge had previously been assumed to recharge the Edwards Aquifer, but it continues downgradient in the Leona Gravel and is lost to the aquifer.
ABSTRACT The Uvalde Pool comprises the western portion of the San Antonio segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer. Assessment of available data on the hydrogeology of Uvalde County confirms the conceptualization that the Edwards Aquifer in Uvalde County to the west of the city of Knippa acts as a partially separate groundwater basin. This portion of the Edwards Aquifer is referred to as the Uvalde Pool. The Edwards Aquifer to the east of the Uvalde Pool is referred to as the San Antonio Pool. A constriction in groundwater flow between the two pools, referred to as the Knippa Gap, and marked differences in groundwater elevations on either side of the Knippa Gap are the motivation to treat the Uvalde and San Antonio Pools as separate hydrogeological features. The Uvalde Pool is unique because it is the only place where the Edwards Aquifer is in hydraulic communication with the overlying and younger Buda Limestone and the Austin Chalk Aquifers. Given the karstic nature of the Edwards Aquifer in the Uvalde Pool and its relatively limited spatial extent, the Uvalde Pool is characterized as a highly transmissive aquifer, but with relatively limited storage capacity.
Tracer testing in the Edwards Aquifer
ABSTRACT Tracer testing is established as one of the best techniques for determining groundwater velocities and identifying groundwater flow directions in karstic systems. It has been employed in the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer since the mid-1980s. Nontoxic, fluorescent organic dyes are most commonly used because they are comparatively inexpensive, relatively easily accessible, detectable at low concentrations, and not harmful to organisms that use or dwell in the aquifer or its springs. Tracer tests provide empirical evidence that is difficult to obtain any other way. Tracer tests have shown rapid groundwater velocities in the contributing, recharge, and artesian zones. Groundwater velocities were found to range from 915 to 9150 m/d in the Barton Springs segment of the aquifer; 1–3600 m/d in the San Marcos Springs area; 300–640 m/d near Comal Springs; 13 to >5300 m/d in San Antonio/northern Bexar County; and 1–1367 m/d in Kinney County, Texas. Tracer testing has shown: (1) preferential flow paths are conduit-dominated; (2) in places, there is a hydraulic connection with the underlying Glen Rose Formation; (3) large offsets on faults are not barriers to flow; and (4) portions of the aquifer act as separate pools.