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chlorinated hydrocarbons
Characterization and drug release of benzalkonium chloride-loaded organo-palygorskite or organo-montmorillonite
Characterization of calcined red soil applied in the removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater to produce a hybrid pigment
Efficient removal of crystal violet from solution by montmorillonite modified with docosyl-trimethylammonium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate: modelling, kinetics and equilibrium studies
Halogens: Salts of the Earth
The importance of oxbow lakes in the floodplain storage of pollutants
Synthesis of a Composite Aerogel of Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported by Two-Dimensional Montmorillonite Nanolayers for Methylene Blue Removal
Characterization of Brazilian palygorskite (Guadalupe region) and adsorptive behaviour for solvatochromic dyes
Regeneration of spent bleaching clay by ultrasonic irradiation and its application in methylene blue adsorption
Photocatalytic Activity of La-Containing Mixed- Metal Oxides Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides to Degrade Methylene Blue in the Presence of H 2 O 2
Abstract Conceptual models of the fracture networks in shale were evaluated at a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Prior borehole testing in eight holes under open hole ambient and pumping conditions identified 14 flow zones (140 m bedrock interval) with zero to five zones per hole. Cross-hole testing showed only a few cross-connections between transmissive fractures. The initial conceptual model thus featured a sparse fracture network with few dominant fractures. Detailed profiles (hydraulic head, rock core volatile organic compounds, groundwater volatile organic compounds from packer and multi-level sampling, cross-hole multi-level monitoring of permanganate injections) were collected from several holes and indicated a well-connected fracture network with many hydraulically active fractures not influenced by open hole cross-connection. This contrasting conceptual model contained numerous well-connected horizontal and vertical fractures that allowed chlorinated solvents to penetrate the upper 50–60 m of bedrock as dense non-aqueous phase liquids, followed by diffusion-driven mass transfer from fractures into the porous rock matrix, such that nearly all the contaminant mass resided as dissolved and sorbed phases, measurable in rock core without cross-contamination during drilling. The difference in the two conceptual models has important implications for source zone and plume attenuation.