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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Cuanza Basin (1)
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East Africa
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Kenya
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Kenya Rift valley (1)
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East African Lakes
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North Africa
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Algeria
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Egypt (1)
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Southern Africa
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Barberton greenstone belt (11)
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Far East
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Quebec
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Central America
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Chu-Ili Mountains (1)
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Eastern Kazakhstan
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Kalba Range (1)
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Karaganda Kazakhstan
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Karatau Range (2)
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Pavlodar Kazakhstan
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Kyrgyzstan
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Chatkal Range (1)
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Russian Federation
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Urals
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O-18/O-16 (38)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (38)
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S-34/S-32 (9)
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fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Invertebrata
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Echinodermata
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Mollusca
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda (2)
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Porifera
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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Fusulinina
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Radiolaria
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Osculosida
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Vermes
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Conodonta
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Fusulinina
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Plantae
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Chlorophyta
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Sphenopsida
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Spermatophyta
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problematic fossils
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Calcisphaerulidae (1)
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prokaryotes (1)
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Pterobranchia (4)
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trails (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (5)
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K/Ar (5)
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optically stimulated luminescence (1)
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Pb/Pb (1)
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Rb/Sr (3)
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Sm/Nd (3)
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Th/U (1)
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U/Pb (22)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Gila Conglomerate (1)
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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upper Holocene
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Roman period (1)
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-
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Pleistocene
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upper Quaternary (1)
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Stone Age
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Paleolithic
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Aurignacian (1)
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-
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Tertiary
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Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
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lower Tertiary (2)
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Muddy Creek Formation (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene
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Saucesian (1)
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middle Miocene
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Luisian (2)
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Mohnian (3)
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upper Miocene
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Messinian (1)
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-
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Pliocene (3)
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Sisquoc Formation (1)
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Paleogene
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Black Mingo Group (1)
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Eocene
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Dammam Formation (1)
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lower Eocene
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Thebes Formation (1)
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middle Eocene
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Lutetian (1)
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upper Eocene
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Twiggs Clay (1)
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-
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Oligocene (3)
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Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian
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Niniyur Group (1)
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K-T boundary (1)
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-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
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-
-
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Coal Measures (1)
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Dalradian (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Alisitos Formation (1)
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Kuskokwim Group (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (5)
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Aptian (5)
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Barremian (1)
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Berriasian (1)
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Cloverly Formation (1)
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Hauterivian (1)
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Kootenay Formation (1)
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Lakota Formation (1)
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Neocomian (2)
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Spirit River Formation (1)
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Mancos Shale (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (2)
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Mishash Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Campanian (2)
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Cenomanian
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upper Cenomanian (1)
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Coniacian (2)
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K-T boundary (1)
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Maestrichtian (1)
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Santonian (1)
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Senonian (3)
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Turonian
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lower Turonian (1)
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-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (12)
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Great Valley Sequence (2)
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Jurassic
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Clarens Formation (1)
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Coast Range Ophiolite (3)
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Fernie Formation (2)
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Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (2)
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lower Liassic (1)
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middle Liassic (2)
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Nordegg Member (2)
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Pliensbachian (5)
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Sinemurian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
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Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Bathonian (4)
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Callovian (4)
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Upper Jurassic
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Kimmeridgian (3)
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Morrison Formation (1)
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Oxfordian (6)
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Portlandian (4)
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Stump Formation (1)
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Sundance Formation (1)
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Swift Formation (1)
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Tithonian (4)
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-
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lower Mesozoic (4)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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Spathian (1)
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Middle Triassic
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Anisian (2)
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Ladinian (1)
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Takla Group (1)
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Upper Triassic
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Carnian (2)
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Molteno Formation (1)
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Norian (3)
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Rhaetian (3)
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Stormberg Series (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (2)
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-
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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-
MIS 6 (1)
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Paleozoic
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Arbuckle Group (2)
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian
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Tommotian (1)
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Yudoma Series (1)
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-
Middle Cambrian (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
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-
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Carboniferous
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Amsden Formation (2)
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (4)
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-
Mississippian
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Boone Formation (1)
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Leadville Formation (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Fort Payne Formation (3)
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Lodgepole Formation (1)
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Osagian
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Burlington Limestone (4)
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Keokuk Limestone (1)
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-
-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean (3)
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-
Mission Canyon Limestone (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian
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Golconda Formation (1)
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-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
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Meramecian
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Warsaw Formation (1)
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-
Parkwood Formation (1)
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Pennington Formation (1)
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Pride Mountain Formation (1)
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-
-
Pennsylvanian
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Conemaugh Group (1)
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Hermosa Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Haymond Formation (1)
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Morrowan (1)
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-
Marble Falls Group (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Allegheny Group (2)
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Atokan (1)
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Breathitt Formation (1)
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Kanawha Formation (1)
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-
Monongahela Group (1)
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Pottsville Group (2)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Lansing Group (1)
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Virgilian (1)
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-
-
Schoonover Sequence (2)
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Tesnus Formation (2)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Millstone Grit (1)
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-
-
Chattanooga Shale (2)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Lochkovian (1)
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Oriskany Sandstone (1)
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-
Middle Devonian
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Detroit River Group (1)
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Hamilton Group (1)
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Mahantango Formation (1)
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Marcellus Shale (2)
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Onondaga Limestone (2)
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Sylvania Formation (2)
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Tioga Bentonite (1)
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Tully Limestone (1)
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-
Miette Complex (1)
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Millboro Shale (2)
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Old Red Sandstone (1)
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Thirtyone Formation (5)
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Upper Devonian
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Brallier Shale (1)
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (1)
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-
Frasnian
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upper Frasnian (1)
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-
-
-
Dunkard Group (1)
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Endicott Group (1)
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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Helderberg Group (1)
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Hunton Group (1)
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Ishbel Group (2)
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Laborcita Formation (2)
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Lisburne Group (1)
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lower Paleozoic (7)
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middle Paleozoic (2)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian
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Ballantrae Complex (2)
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-
Ellenburger Group (2)
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Tremadocian (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Darriwilian (1)
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Llanvirnian (1)
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
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-
Montoya Group (4)
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Upper Ordovician
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Ashgillian (1)
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Caradocian (2)
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Cincinnatian
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Richmondian (1)
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Hirnantian (1)
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Juniata Formation (1)
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Wufeng Formation (1)
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-
Valmy Formation (1)
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Vinini Formation (1)
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-
Permian
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Guadalupian
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Capitanian (1)
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Roadian (1)
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Wordian (2)
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-
Kaibab Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Abo Formation (1)
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Cisuralian
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Kungurian (2)
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-
Leonardian
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Clear Fork Group (1)
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-
Wolfcampian (2)
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-
McCloud Limestone (1)
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Meade Peak Member (1)
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Middle Permian (1)
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Park City Formation (1)
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Phosphoria Formation (7)
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Ranger Canyon Formation (1)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
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-
Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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-
-
Shoo Fly Complex (3)
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Silurian
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Bass Islands Dolomite (1)
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Fusselman Dolomite (2)
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Aeronian (1)
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-
Qalibah Formation (1)
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-
Middle Silurian
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Racine Dolomite (1)
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-
Niagaran (2)
-
Perry Mountain Formation (1)
-
Upper Silurian
-
Cayugan
-
Tonoloway Limestone (1)
-
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
Wristen Formation (1)
-
-
-
Supai Formation (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Arkansas Novaculite (3)
-
Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
-
-
Wells Formation (1)
-
Woodford Shale (10)
-
-
Phanerozoic (3)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Fig Tree Group (3)
-
Kromberg Formation (2)
-
Mesoarchean (2)
-
Neoarchean
-
Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean
-
Hooggenoeg Formation (2)
-
-
Swaziland Supergroup (1)
-
Warrawoona Group (7)
-
Yellowknife Group (1)
-
-
Bijawar System (1)
-
Biwabik Iron Formation (1)
-
Brockman Iron Formation (5)
-
Central Rand Group (1)
-
Cuddapah System (1)
-
Gunflint Iron Formation (7)
-
Hamersley Group (6)
-
Onverwacht Group (9)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Sokoman Formation (2)
-
Stirling Quartzite (1)
-
Swaziland Sequence (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (4)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Bitter Springs Formation (4)
-
Great Oxidation Event (1)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (1)
-
Helikian
-
Neohelikian (1)
-
-
-
Negaunee Iron Formation (1)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
Ediacaran (2)
-
Riphean
-
upper Riphean (2)
-
-
Vendian (3)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Aphebian (1)
-
Siderian (1)
-
-
Pretoria Group (1)
-
Sinian
-
Doushantuo Formation (2)
-
-
-
-
Waterberg System (1)
-
-
Saxothuringian (1)
-
Vindhyan (3)
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
hypabyssal rocks (2)
-
peperite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase
-
tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
-
plagiogranite (2)
-
tonalite (1)
-
trondhjemite (1)
-
-
gabbros (12)
-
granites (11)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (2)
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (2)
-
-
-
porphyry (1)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
spilite (3)
-
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (1)
-
-
glasses (1)
-
komatiite (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (1)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
tuff (18)
-
-
rhyolites
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
trachytes (1)
-
-
-
ophiolite (30)
-
volcanic ash (4)
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (4)
-
cataclasites (4)
-
eclogite (2)
-
gneisses
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (8)
-
metagabbro (1)
-
serpentinite (8)
-
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (2)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metasiltstone (1)
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
serpentinite (8)
-
skarn (5)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (7)
-
mylonites (1)
-
phyllites (5)
-
quartzites (15)
-
schists
-
blueschist (1)
-
greenschist (1)
-
greenstone (6)
-
tourmalinite (1)
-
-
slates (2)
-
-
ophiolite (30)
-
turbidite (15)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
micrometeorites (1)
-
-
-
minerals
-
antimonides (1)
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
lollingite (1)
-
maucherite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
ankerite (1)
-
aragonite (4)
-
calcite (19)
-
dolomite (19)
-
magnesian calcite (1)
-
magnesite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
siderite (2)
-
spurrite (1)
-
witherite (2)
-
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
halite (1)
-
-
fluorides
-
fluorite (1)
-
-
-
iron minerals (1)
-
manganese minerals (1)
-
minerals (7)
-
native elements
-
graphite (1)
-
-
nitrates (2)
-
onyx (1)
-
oxalates (1)
-
oxides
-
brucite (1)
-
cassiterite (1)
-
chrome spinel (1)
-
goethite (3)
-
hematite (12)
-
hydroxides
-
iron hydroxides (1)
-
oxyhydroxides (2)
-
-
iron oxides (2)
-
limonite (1)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (3)
-
manganese oxides (3)
-
martite (1)
-
pyrolusite (1)
-
specularite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (4)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (1)
-
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
tremolite (2)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene (1)
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
rhodonite group
-
rhodonite (1)
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (3)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (4)
-
microcline (1)
-
orthoclase (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
scapolite group (3)
-
silica minerals
-
agate (2)
-
amethyst (1)
-
carnelian (1)
-
chalcedony (11)
-
chrysoprase (1)
-
cristobalite (2)
-
jasper (7)
-
moganite (4)
-
opal
-
opal-A (6)
-
opal-CT (9)
-
-
quartz
-
smoky quartz (1)
-
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
mordenite (1)
-
-
-
iron silicates (2)
-
kenyaite (1)
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
forsterite (1)
-
tephroite (1)
-
-
spurrite (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (19)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (1)
-
-
lawsonite (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (2)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (3)
-
montmorillonite (1)
-
smectite (2)
-
-
cymrite (1)
-
illite (2)
-
magadiite (3)
-
mica group
-
biotite (2)
-
celadonite (1)
-
glauconite (1)
-
muscovite (5)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
sericite (2)
-
serpentine group
-
serpentine (2)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (2)
-
barite (5)
-
gypsum (2)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
cinnabar (1)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
pyrite (2)
-
stibnite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
bournonite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tungstates
-
wolframite (1)
-
-
wehrlite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (33)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Angola
-
Cuanza Basin (1)
-
-
-
East Africa
-
Kenya
-
Kenya Rift valley (1)
-
Lake Magadi (2)
-
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Magadi (2)
-
-
North Africa
-
Algeria
-
Great Kabylia (2)
-
-
Egypt (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (11)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (9)
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
Free State South Africa (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
Mpumalanga South Africa
-
Barberton South Africa (2)
-
-
Northern Cape Province South Africa (2)
-
Transvaal region (8)
-
Witwatersrand (2)
-
-
Swaziland (2)
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Victoria Land
-
Allan Hills (1)
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
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Canada Basin (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
Kalba Range (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Amur region (1)
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Kuwait (1)
-
Oman
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Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Balkhash Kazakhstan (1)
-
Balkhash region (1)
-
Chu-Ili Mountains (1)
-
Eastern Kazakhstan
-
Chingis-Tau (1)
-
-
Kalba Range (1)
-
Karaganda Kazakhstan
-
Akchatau Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Karatau Range (2)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (1)
-
-
Pavlodar Kazakhstan
-
Boshchekul Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (1)
-
Cambodia (1)
-
China
-
Anhui China (1)
-
Chongqing China (1)
-
Guizhou China (3)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Hunan China (1)
-
Jilin China (1)
-
Kunlun Mountains (1)
-
North China Plain (1)
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Qilian Mountains (1)
-
Qinling Mountains (1)
-
Sichuan China (1)
-
South China Block (1)
-
Tarim Platform (1)
-
Xizang China
-
Lhasa China (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (5)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Jinning China (1)
-
-
Zhejiang China (2)
-
-
Indonesia
-
Celebes (1)
-
-
Japan
-
Chichibu Belt (1)
-
Hokkaido (3)
-
Honshu
-
Aichi Japan (3)
-
Akita Japan (1)
-
Akiyoshi (1)
-
Fukui Japan (1)
-
Gifu Japan (1)
-
Mino Belt (2)
-
Tohoku (1)
-
-
Kyushu
-
Kumamoto Japan (1)
-
-
Shikoku
-
Kochi Japan (1)
-
-
Shimanto Belt (1)
-
-
Laos (1)
-
Lesser Sunda Islands
-
Timor (3)
-
-
Mongolia (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (3)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Cuddapah Basin (1)
-
Kurnool India (1)
-
-
Bengal Islands
-
Andaman Islands (1)
-
-
Bundelkhand (1)
-
Dharwar Craton (3)
-
Godavari Valley (1)
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Karnataka India
-
Kaladgi India (1)
-
Sandur India (1)
-
-
Madhya Pradesh India
-
Jhabua India (1)
-
Satna India (1)
-
Sidhi India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
-
Orissa India
-
Keonjhar India (1)
-
-
Pranhita-Godavari Valley (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (2)
-
West Bengal India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Jammu (1)
-
Kashmir (1)
-
Ladakh (1)
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (3)
-
Khabarovsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Turukhansk Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Chatkal Range (1)
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Naryn Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
-
Lena Basin (1)
-
Middle East
-
Iran
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Fars Iran
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Shiraz Iran (1)
-
-
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Iraq (1)
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Israel
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Beer Sheva Israel (1)
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Negev (1)
-
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Jordan (5)
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Samaria (1)
-
Turkey
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Anatolia (1)
-
Ankara Turkey (2)
-
-
Zagros (3)
-
-
Primorye Russian Federation (2)
-
Qiangtang Terrane (1)
-
Russian Far East (2)
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (2)
-
-
Siberia (4)
-
Siberian fold belt (1)
-
Siberian Platform
-
Tunguska (1)
-
-
Sikhote-Alin Range (3)
-
Tarbagatay Range (1)
-
Tibetan Plateau (3)
-
Tien Shan
-
Chatkal Range (1)
-
Chu-Ili Mountains (1)
-
Karatau Range (2)
-
-
Transbaikalia (1)
-
Verkhoyansk region (1)
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Vindhyan Basin (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
-
-
asteroids (1)
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Caribbean Sea (2)
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North Sea
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Kattegat (1)
-
-
-
South Atlantic
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Southeast Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Bermuda (1)
-
-
atmosphere (1)
-
Australasia
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Australia
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Amadeus Basin (1)
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Macquarie Arc (1)
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New South Wales Australia
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Cobar Australia (1)
-
-
Northern Territory Australia (2)
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Officer Basin (1)
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Queensland Australia (5)
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South Australia (1)
-
Tasmania Australia
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Rosebery Australia (1)
-
-
Western Australia
-
Hamersley Basin (1)
-
Hamersley Province (3)
-
Kalgoorlie Australia (1)
-
Pilbara (1)
-
Pilbara Craton (15)
-
Yilgarn Craton (1)
-
-
-
New Zealand
-
Marlborough New Zealand (1)
-
-
Tasman orogenic zone (1)
-
-
bacteria (11)
-
barite deposits (4)
-
bibliography (1)
-
biogeography (4)
-
bitumens
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asphalt (2)
-
-
brines (2)
-
Canada
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Arctic Archipelago (3)
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Eastern Canada
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Baffin Island (1)
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Belcher Islands (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland
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Avalon Peninsula (1)
-
Humber Arm Allochthon (1)
-
Notre Dame Bay (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Manitoulin District Ontario
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Manitoulin Island (1)
-
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Kirkland Lake Ontario (1)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Saguenay County Quebec
-
Schefferville Quebec (1)
-
-
-
-
Labrador Trough (4)
-
Nunavut
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Baffin Island (1)
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Belcher Islands (1)
-
Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Sverdrup Basin (3)
-
Sverdrup Islands
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Ellef Ringnes Island (1)
-
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
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Ellesmere Island (1)
-
Sverdrup Basin (3)
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Sverdrup Islands
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Ellef Ringnes Island (1)
-
-
-
Richardson Mountains (1)
-
Stikinia Terrane (1)
-
Western Canada
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Alberta
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Banff Alberta (2)
-
Elmworth Field (1)
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Peace River Arch (2)
-
-
British Columbia
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Bowser Basin (1)
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Princeton British Columbia (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (5)
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Canadian Rocky Mountains (2)
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Crowsnest Pass (1)
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Manitoba (1)
-
Northwest Territories
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Mackenzie Delta (1)
-
-
Yukon Territory (4)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (19)
-
C-14 (1)
-
organic carbon (4)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
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Antilles
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Greater Antilles
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Jamaica (2)
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Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Guadeloupe (1)
-
-
-
-
-
catalogs (1)
-
Cenozoic
-
Gila Conglomerate (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (1)
-
-
-
Pleistocene
-
middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (2)
-
-
upper Quaternary (1)
-
-
Stone Age
-
Paleolithic
-
Aurignacian (1)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Lincoln Creek Formation (1)
-
lower Tertiary (2)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Saucesian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene
-
Luisian (2)
-
-
Mohnian (3)
-
upper Miocene
-
Messinian (1)
-
-
-
Pliocene (3)
-
Sisquoc Formation (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Black Mingo Group (1)
-
Eocene
-
Dammam Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene
-
Thebes Formation (1)
-
-
middle Eocene
-
Lutetian (1)
-
-
upper Eocene
-
Twiggs Clay (1)
-
-
-
Oligocene (3)
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian
-
Niniyur Group (1)
-
-
K-T boundary (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (1)
-
-
-
-
Central America
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Costa Rica (1)
-
-
chemical analysis (3)
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia (1)
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Reptilia (1)
-
-
-
-
clay deposits (1)
-
clay mineralogy (2)
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coal deposits (1)
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construction materials
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building stone (2)
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dimension stone (1)
-
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continental drift (4)
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coprolites (1)
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crust (14)
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crystal chemistry (1)
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crystal growth (10)
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crystal structure (3)
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crystallography (1)
-
data processing (6)
-
Deep Sea Drilling Project
-
IPOD
-
Leg 62
-
DSDP Site 464 (1)
-
DSDP Site 465 (1)
-
DSDP Site 466 (1)
-
-
-
Leg 20 (1)
-
Leg 32
-
DSDP Site 310 (1)
-
-
-
deformation (24)
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diagenesis (126)
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earthquakes (1)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Galapagos Islands (1)
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Eastern Hemisphere (1)
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ecology (1)
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economic geology (41)
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electron microscopy (5)
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energy sources (8)
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engineering geology (3)
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Eurasia (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Eastern Alps
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Dinaric Alps (1)
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Northern Limestone Alps (1)
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Limestone Alps
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Northern Limestone Alps (1)
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Carpathians
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Western Carpathians (1)
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-
Central Europe
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Hungary (1)
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Northern Limestone Alps (1)
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Poland
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Dolnoslaskie Poland
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Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
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Swiety Krzyz Mountains (2)
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Sudeten Mountains
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Polish Sudeten Mountains (1)
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-
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Fennoscandian Shield (1)
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Karelia (1)
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Lapland
-
Lapland Finland (1)
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Southern Europe
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Dinaric Alps (1)
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Greece
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Euboea (1)
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Karpathos (1)
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-
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Hellenic Arc (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Schoonover Sequence (2)
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Upper Carboniferous
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Chattanooga Shale (2)
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Devonian
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Upper Devonian
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Frasnian
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Dunkard Group (1)
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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Laborcita Formation (2)
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lower Paleozoic (7)
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Ordovician
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Upper Ordovician
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Permian
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Kaibab Formation (1)
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Lower Permian
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Leonardian
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Wolfcampian (2)
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Upper Permian
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Lopingian
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Changhsingian (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (3)
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Shoo Fly Complex (3)
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Silurian
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Llandovery
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Upper Silurian
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Cayugan
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Tonoloway Limestone (1)
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Ludlow (1)
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-
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Supai Formation (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Kaskaskia Sequence (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
chert
Closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and amalgamation of the northern part of the East Asian continent in the latest Paleozoic: Evidence from the Xingshuwa ophiolitic mélange in southeastern Inner Mongolia Available to Purchase
Origin and paleo-oceanic conditions of Guadalupian bedded chert in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze region: Implication for marine anoxia and the Permian Chert Event Available to Purchase
Geology and genesis of the world-class wollastonite deposit at Shizhushan in South China and implications for exploration Available to Purchase
Earth Observation Data Utilisation for Rock Phosphate Exploration in Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India Available to Purchase
The role of Fe(II)-silicate gel in the generation of Archean and Paleoproterozoic chert Open Access
Quaternary periglacial silicifications in the Paris Basin Open Access
Significance of the Calcare Cavernoso: stratigraphic-structural setting and role as tectonic chaotic unit in the evolution of the Northern Apennines (Italy) Available to Purchase
When stones tell about humans: a presumed anthropomorphic sandstone sculpture found in the Marche Apennines of central Italy Available to Purchase
Subduction history of the Paleo-Asian oceanic slab along the northern margin of the North China Craton: A case study of zircons and cherts from central Jilin Province, NE China Available to Purchase
Entophysalis in the Rhynie chert (Lower Devonian, Scotland): implications for cyanobacterial evolution Open Access
Early Eocene tectono-sedimentary evolution of northern Calabria: hints from the Paludi formation (Sila Greca) Available to Purchase
Kinetic Characteristics of Kerogens in the Kuonamka Complex, Lower and Middle Cambrian of the Siberian Platform Available to Purchase
Kinetic controls on the thermometry of mantle rocks: A case study from the Xigaze Ophiolites, Tibet Open Access
Temperature-dependent equilibrium partitioning of elements between different mineral (or melt/glass) phases forms the basis of geothermometry. In natural rock systems it is necessary to determine whether equilibrium partitioning of a given element was obtained between two phases before calculating temperatures using the tool. With the improvement of spatial resolution of analytical tools and our understanding of solidstate kinetics it has become clear that compositional heterogeneities on different scales exist in mantle rocks because of incomplete equilibration, and a kinetic evaluation is necessary before application of geothermometers. This work summarizes the kinetic situations that may arise and provides some guidelines and criteria for testing whether partitioning equilibrium was obtained. A suite of dunites and harzburgites from an ophiolite suite in the Himalaya (Xigaze, Tibet) is used to illustrate the application of some of these concepts. It is shown that when compositions used for geothermometry are chosen bearing these kinetic considerations in mind, a systematic pattern of freezing temperatures is obtained from the geothermometers. These data provide insights into the cooling histories of these rocks with complex, multistage (e.g. melt percolation) histories. Some potential pitfalls for geospeedometry are also illustrated along the way.