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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
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North Africa
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Algeria (2)
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Atlas Mountains (1)
-
Morocco
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
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Tunisia (5)
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Southern Africa
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South Africa (2)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Cameroon (5)
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Mauritania (1)
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Taoudenni Basin (1)
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Altiplano (1)
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Asia
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Middle East
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Iran (1)
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Europe
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Germany
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Poland
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Fennoscandia (1)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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United Kingdom
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Mexico
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North America
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Appalachians
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South America
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Andes
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Chile
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commodities
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mica deposits (1)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon (2)
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isotopes
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Invertebrata
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Foraminifera (3)
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geochronology methods
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Stone Age
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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middle Miocene (1)
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Pliocene
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Paleogene
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Oligocene (2)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous (2)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Santonian (1)
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Jurassic
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Pennsylvanian (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Tuscarora Formation (1)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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plutonic rocks
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granites (4)
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pegmatite (3)
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nepheline syenite (2)
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volcanic rocks
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glasses (4)
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pyroclastics
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metamorphic rocks
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lapis lazuli (1)
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quartzites (2)
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minerals
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minerals (3)
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organic minerals
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amber (1)
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oxides
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goethite (2)
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hematite (5)
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pyrochlore (3)
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periclase (1)
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phosphates
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hydroxylapatite (2)
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silicates
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borosilicates (2)
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chain silicates
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aenigmatite group
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sapphirine (1)
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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aegirine (1)
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diopside (3)
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spodumene (2)
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orthopyroxene
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enstatite (1)
-
-
-
wollastonite group
-
wollastonite (3)
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feldspathoids (1)
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (2)
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microcline (1)
-
-
plagioclase
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albite (2)
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andesine (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
kalsilite (2)
-
nepheline (2)
-
-
silica minerals
-
cristobalite (3)
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quartz (7)
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tridymite (1)
-
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zeolite group (2)
-
-
orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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braunite (1)
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kyanite (2)
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mullite (12)
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olivine group
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forsterite (1)
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monticellite (1)
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sillimanite (1)
-
zircon group
-
zircon (3)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
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melilite group
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akermanite (1)
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gehlenite (4)
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-
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ring silicates
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beryl (1)
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cordierite (1)
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milarite group
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osumilite (1)
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-
sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (2)
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clay minerals
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halloysite (8)
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kaolinite (38)
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montmorillonite (1)
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saponite (2)
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smectite (12)
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vermiculite (3)
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illite (23)
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mica group
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biotite (2)
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muscovite (4)
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paragonite (1)
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palygorskite (1)
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petalite (2)
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
anhydrite (2)
-
gypsum (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
Africa
-
North Africa
-
Algeria (2)
-
Atlas Mountains (1)
-
Morocco
-
Tangier Morocco (1)
-
-
Tunisia (5)
-
-
Southern Africa
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South Africa (2)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Cameroon (5)
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Mauritania (1)
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Taoudenni Basin (1)
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Asia
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Central Asia (1)
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Far East
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China
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Hebei China
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Jixian China (1)
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Tianjin China (1)
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Henan China (1)
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Jiangxi China (1)
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Sichuan China
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Wenchuan China (1)
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-
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Indian Peninsula
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Afghanistan (1)
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India
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Jharkhand India (1)
-
-
-
Middle East
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Iran (1)
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Israel (3)
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Jordan (2)
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Turkey
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Anatolia (2)
-
-
-
Uzbekistan (1)
-
-
bacteria (1)
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boron (2)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Ontario
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Hastings County Ontario (1)
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Quebec (1)
-
-
-
carbon (2)
-
Cenozoic
-
Bronze Age (3)
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Chalcolithic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Middle Ages (1)
-
Neolithic (1)
-
upper Holocene
-
Roman period (3)
-
-
-
Pleistocene (1)
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene
-
Aquitanian (1)
-
Burdigalian (1)
-
-
middle Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Dacian (1)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Oligocene (2)
-
-
-
-
Central America
-
Guatemala (1)
-
-
ceramic materials (137)
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clay deposits (18)
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clay mineralogy (35)
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conservation (1)
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construction materials
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cement materials (1)
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crystal chemistry (4)
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crystal growth (1)
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crystal structure (11)
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data processing (2)
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deformation (1)
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diagenesis (1)
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earthquakes (7)
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ecology (1)
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economic geology (9)
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energy sources (2)
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engineering geology (3)
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environmental geology (1)
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Europe
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Alps
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Dinaric Alps (1)
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-
-
Central Europe
-
Germany
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Westerwald (1)
-
-
Hungary
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Budapest Hungary (1)
-
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North Sudetic Basin (1)
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Poland
-
Lower Silesia (1)
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Swiety Krzyz Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Fennoscandia (1)
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Rhenish Schiefergebirge
-
Westerwald (1)
-
-
Southern Europe
-
Dinaric Alps (1)
-
Greece
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Crete (3)
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Peloponnesus Greece (1)
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Sterea Ellas
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Aegina (1)
-
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Portugal
-
Aveiro Portugal (1)
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Coimbra Portugal (1)
-
-
Spain
-
Iberian Mountains (1)
-
-
-
Italy
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Apennines (1)
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Umbria Italy
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Perugia Italy (1)
-
-
Veneto Italy (1)
-
-
Romania
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Transylvania
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Cluj Romania (1)
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-
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Serbia (3)
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Yugoslavia (1)
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Ukraine (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Lorraine (1)
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Scandinavia
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Norway
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Finnmark Norway (1)
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-
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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London England (1)
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faults (3)
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feldspar deposits (2)
-
fractures (1)
-
geochemistry (31)
-
geochronology (1)
-
geophysical methods (1)
-
ground water (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
plutonic rocks
-
granites (4)
-
pegmatite (3)
-
syenites
-
nepheline syenite (2)
-
-
-
volcanic rocks
-
glasses (4)
-
pyroclastics
-
tuff (1)
-
-
-
-
inclusions (1)
-
industrial minerals (12)
-
intrusions (2)
-
Invertebrata
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera (3)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
-
kaolin deposits (12)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Santonian (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
-
Upper Jurassic (1)
-
-
-
metal ores
-
gold ores (1)
-
lead ores (1)
-
lithium ores (2)
-
silver ores (1)
-
uranium ores (1)
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
americium (1)
-
curium (1)
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plutonium (2)
-
uranium (1)
-
-
alkali metals
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cesium
-
Cs-137 (1)
-
-
lithium (1)
-
potassium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
calcium (3)
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magnesium (2)
-
strontium (1)
-
-
aluminum (3)
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chromium (3)
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cobalt (2)
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copper (1)
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gallium (1)
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germanium (1)
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iron (4)
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lead (1)
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precious metals (1)
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rare earths (3)
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silver (1)
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titanium (2)
-
zirconium (3)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
lapis lazuli (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (1)
-
-
quartzites (2)
-
schists (2)
-
-
metamorphism (4)
-
metasomatism (8)
-
Mexico
-
Hidalgo Mexico (1)
-
Puebla Mexico (1)
-
Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (1)
-
Veracruz Mexico (1)
-
-
mica deposits (1)
-
mineral deposits, genesis (4)
-
mineral exploration (2)
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mineral resources (4)
-
mineralogy (4)
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minerals (3)
-
museums (1)
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nonmetal deposits (2)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Piedmont (2)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (1)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (3)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Carboniferous
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Tuscarora Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
petrology (2)
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phase equilibria (4)
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phosphorus (1)
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placers (1)
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Plantae
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algae
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nannofossils (2)
-
-
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pollution (4)
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reclamation (1)
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remote sensing (1)
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sea-level changes (1)
-
sedimentary petrology (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (1)
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carbonate rocks (1)
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clastic rocks
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argillite (1)
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bentonite (1)
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diatomite (1)
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marl (1)
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shale (1)
-
-
-
sedimentation (3)
-
sediments
-
clastic sediments
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clay (21)
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dust (1)
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flint clay (1)
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kaolin (7)
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mud (1)
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sand (1)
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silicon (2)
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soil mechanics (1)
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soils
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laterites (1)
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South America
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Andes
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Central Andes (1)
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Argentina (1)
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Bolivia (1)
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Brazil
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Santa Catarina Brazil (1)
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Chile
-
Santiago Chile (1)
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Colombia (1)
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Peru (1)
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spectroscopy (1)
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structural analysis (1)
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thermal analysis (4)
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United States
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Missouri
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Montgomery County Missouri (1)
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Pennsylvania (1)
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Utah (1)
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Virginia (1)
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X-ray analysis (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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molasse (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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bauxite (1)
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ceramic materials
Characterization of clays from the Fez area (northern Morocco) for potential uses in the ceramics industry
Influence of zirconia on the sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of reaction-sintered mullite-based composite ceramics
Guide for interpreting and reporting luminescence dating results
Glass as a State of Matter—The “newer” Glass Families from Organic, Metallic, Ionic to Non-silicate Oxide and Non-oxide Glasses
Measurement of apparent sintering activation energy for densification of clays
Analysis of tiles produced from a schist material and their ultraviolet, near-infrared, mid-infrared, longwave-infrared and far-infrared spectra
Investigation of unexplored kaolin occurrences in southern Mauritania and preliminary assessment of possible applications
Analysis of the chemical composition and phase structure of ‘Ru-type ware’ bodies under the influence of firing temperature
Characterization, thermal behaviour and firing properties of clay materials from Cap Bon Basin, north-east Tunisia, for ceramic applications
Structure of NaFeSiO 4 , NaFeSi 2 O 6 , and NaFeSi 3 O 8 glasses and glass-ceramics
Characterization and use of clays and argillites from the south of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, for the manufacture of clay ceramics
Mineralogical analysis of a clay body from Zlakusa, Serbia, used in the manufacture of traditional pottery
Characteristics and firing behaviour of the under-Numidian clay deposits from the Jijel region (northeast Algeria): potential use in the ceramics industry
Characterization of Neogene marls from the Kert Basin (northeast Morocco): suitability for the ceramics industry
Mineralogical study of clays from Dobrodo, Serbia, for use in ceramics
Seismic Evaluation of Ultra-High Voltage Wall Bushing
Flexural Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Lateral Loads
The struggle between thermodynamics and kinetics: Phase evolution of ancient and historical ceramics
This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Professor Ursula Martius Franklin, a true pioneer of archaeometric research, who passed away at her home in Toronto on July 22, 2016, at the age of 94. Making ceramics by firing of clay is essentially a reversal of the natural weathering process of rocks. Millennia ago, potters invented simple pyrotechnologies to recombine the chemical compounds once separated by weathering in order to obtain what is more or less a rock-like product shaped and decorated according to need and preference. Whereas Nature reconsolidates clays by long-term diagenetic or metamorphic transformation processes, potters exploit a ‘short-cut’ of these processes that affects the state of equilibrium of the system being transformed thermally. This ‘short-cut’ is thought to be akin to the development of mineral-reaction textures resulting from disequilibria established during rapidly heated pyrometamorphic events (Grapes, 2006) involving contact aureoles or reactions with xenoliths. In contrast to most naturally consolidated clays, the solidified rock-like ceramic material inherits non-equilibrium and statistical states best described as ‘frozen-in’. The more or less high temperatures applied to clays during ceramic firing result in a distinct state of sintering that is dependent on the firing temperature, the duration of firing, the firing atmosphere, and the composition and grain-size distribution of the clay. Hence, the salient properties of the ceramics have to be assessed in a temperature-time-composition space. Owing to the variability of clay composition, the mineralogical processes during thermal transformation of clay minerals can be very complex, not least because most reactions occur far removed from thermodynamic equilibrium and hence are kinetically controlled; that is, they are time- and temperature-dependent. Indeed, kinetics imposes constraints on thermodynamics by retarding reaction rates because of low temperatures, large temperature gradients present in primitive pottery kilns, short reaction times, inhomogeneously distributed reaction partners, and varying redox conditions triggered, for example, by ingress of air during reducing firing cycles. In the context of ceramic technological development over time, the role and development of pottery technology within complex societies is discussed. The close relationship between pottery development and changes in life/societal organization appears to be a major driver in this endeavour. In this chapter, the phase evolution of some typical ancient and historical ceramics will be traced using ceramic phase diagrams, i.e . chemographical expressions of Goldschmidt’s mineralogical phase rule. In particular, the systems CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (in which most ancient low- to medium-fired ceramics can be accommodated), K 2 O–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (applicable to high-fired Chinese stoneware and European hard-paste porcelain) and Na 2 O–CaO–(Al 2 O 3 )–SiO 2 (typical of some ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian alkaline glazes and French soft-paste porcelain) are discussed.