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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Southern Africa
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Namibia (1)
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South Africa
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West Africa
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Ghana (1)
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Nigeria
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Greenland
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Asia
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Far East
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China
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Mexico
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Rocky Mountains foreland (7)
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Montana
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Granite County Montana (1)
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New York
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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isotope ratios (2)
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O-18/O-16 (3)
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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lead (1)
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scandium (1)
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noble gases
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oxygen
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trace metals (1)
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fossils
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Invertebrata
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geochronology methods
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Tertiary
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Pliocene (4)
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Mesozoic
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Lower Cretaceous
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Edwards Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Aztec Sandstone (2)
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Navajo Sandstone (4)
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Paleozoic
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Carboniferous
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Exshaw Formation (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Bay of Islands Ophiolite (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Middle Ordovician
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Simpson Group (1)
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Permian
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Rotliegendes (2)
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Taiyuan Formation (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Shanxi Formation (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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North Shore Volcanics (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Paleoproterozoic
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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S-type granites (1)
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rhyolites (2)
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ophiolite (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites (3)
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cataclasites (11)
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gneisses
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granulites (2)
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marbles (2)
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metaigneous rocks
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metaplutonic rocks (1)
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metasedimentary rocks
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metasomatic rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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mylonites
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pseudotachylite (7)
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phyllonites (1)
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schists (3)
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ophiolite (2)
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turbidite (1)
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minerals
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carbonates
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calcite (5)
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halides
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fluorides
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minerals (4)
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native elements
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oxides
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phosphates
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apatite (1)
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silicates
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amphibole group
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clinoamphibole
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-
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (1)
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plagioclase (3)
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silica minerals
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quartz (3)
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orthosilicates
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clinohumite (1)
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-
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zircon group
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zircon (2)
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-
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sheet silicates
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clay minerals (1)
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mica group
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biotite (3)
-
-
-
-
sulfides
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chalcopyrite (1)
-
pyrite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (7)
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
Namibia (1)
-
South Africa
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (2)
-
-
-
-
West Africa
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Ghana (1)
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (1)
-
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Haltenbanken (1)
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-
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Arctic region
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Greenland
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East Greenland (2)
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Asia
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Altai Russian Federation (1)
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Baikal rift zone (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan
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Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
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-
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Far East
-
Borneo
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Brunei (1)
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-
China
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Hong Kong (1)
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North China Platform (2)
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Ordos Basin (1)
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Shanxi China (1)
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Japan
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Honshu
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Chiba Peninsula (1)
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Kyushu (1)
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Shikoku (1)
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Shimanto Belt (2)
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Himalayas (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
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asteroids (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Australasia
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Australia
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Western Canada
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carbon
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Caribbean region
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Trinidad (1)
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-
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-
-
Cenozoic
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cataclasis
Characteristics and main controlling factors of dolomite reservoirs in the Upper Cambrian Sanshanzi Formation, eastern Ordos Basin, China
Deformation Mechanisms in Orogenic Gold Systems During Aseismic Periods: Microstructural Evidence from the Central Victorian Gold Deposits, Southeast Australia
Thermal metamorphism on the Moon as recorded by the granulite suite
The Eureka Valley Landslide: Evidence of a Dual Failure Mechanism for a Long-Runout Landslide
Fault seal behaviour in Permian Rotliegend reservoir sequences: case studies from the Dutch Southern North Sea
Abstract Permian Rotliegend reservoir rocks are generally characterized by high net/gross (N/G) ratios, and faults in such sand-dominated lithologies are typically not considered likely to seal. Nevertheless, many examples of membrane sealing are present in Rotliegend gas fields in the Southern Permian Basin. This manuscript reviews examples of membrane sealing in the Dutch Rotliegend; it presents an extensive dataset of petrophysical properties of Rotliegend fault rocks and analyses two case studies using commonly used workflows. Fault (membrane) seal studies have been carried out on two Rotliegend fields to test the level of confidence and uncertainty of prediction of ‘across fault pressure differences’ (AFPD) based on existing SGR-based algorithms. From the field studies it is concluded that observable small AFPDs are present and that these are likely pre-production AFPDs due to exploration-time scale trapping and retention of hydrocarbons. Two shale gouge ratio (SGR)-based empirical algorithms have been used here to estimate AFPDs in lower N/G reservoir intervals with the aim of predicting membrane seal behaviour, and these results are compared to field data. It is concluded the selected SGR-based tools predict AFPD for Upper Rotliegend lower N/G reservoir rocks with reasonable results. Nonetheless, the core sample datasets show a much wider range of permeability and capillary entry pressure than predicted by the selected SGR transforms. This highlights the potential to modify existing workflows for application to faults in high N/G lithologies. Data sharing and collaboration between industry and academics is encouraged, so that in the long run workflows can be developed specifically for faults in high N/G lithologies.
Abstract The Holstein Field consists of poorly lithified turbidite sands deposited during the Pliocene Epoch. Dense arrays of cataclastic deformation bands have been observed in all cores from wells that penetrate the K2 reservoir sand, the highest density of which are located near the hinge of a monocline. The predominant set of deformation bands strikes parallel to the fold axis, and dips at both high and low angles with respect to bedding. Deformation band orientation and offset of marker beds indicate reverse shear and are consistent with a flexural slip origin during folding. Restorations suggest that the monocline and associated deformation bands formed early during the burial process with high pore pressure. Reservoir permeability estimates from well tests indicate a bulk permeability approximately one-third of the reservoir core permeability in regions with deformation bands, whereas other areas are unaffected. Bulk permeability estimated from the permeability of the reservoir and deformation band network is lower than the reservoir permeability alone, but exceeds the permeability observed in the well tests by a factor of 2. A reduction in permeability of oil relative to water for both the fault and host sand is required to match the well-test permeability with that measured from core.
Application of seismic curvature attributes in the delineation of coal texture and deformation in Zhengzhuang field, southern Qinshui Basin
Fault surface development and fault rock juxtaposition along deformation band clusters in porous sandstones series
Abstract: Many siliciclastic reservoirs contain millimetre-scale diagenetic and structural phenomena affecting fluid flow. We identified three major types of small-scale flow barriers in a clastic Rotliegend hydrocarbon reservoir: cataclastic deformation bands; dissolution seams; and bedding-parallel cementation. Deformation bands of various orientations were analysed on resistivity image logs and in core material. They are mainly conjugates, and can be used to validate seismically observable faults and infer subseismic faults. Bedding-parallel dissolution seams are related to compaction and post-date at least one set of deformation bands. Bedding-parallel cementation is accumulated in coarser-grained layers and depends on the amount of clay coatings. Apparent permeability data related to petrographical image interpretation visualizes the impact of flow barriers on reservoir heterogeneity. Transmissibility multiplier calculations indicate the small efficiency of the studied deformation bands on flow properties in the reservoir. Deformation bands reduce the host-rock permeability by a maximum of two orders of magnitude. However, host-rock anisotropies are inferred to reduce the permeability by a maximum of four orders of magnitude. The relative timing of these flow barriers, as well as the assessment of reservoir heterogeneities, are the basis for state-of-the-art reservoir prediction modelling.
Textural changes of graphitic carbon by tectonic and hydrothermal processes in an active plate boundary fault zone, Alpine Fault, New Zealand
Abstract Graphitization in fault zones is associated both with fault weakening and orogenic gold mineralization. We examine processes of graphitic carbon emplacement and deformation in the active Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand by analysing samples obtained from Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) boreholes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal a microtextural record of graphite mobilization as a function of temperature and ductile then brittle shear strain. Raman spectroscopy allowed interpretation of the degree of graphite crystallinity, which reflects both thermal and mechanical processes. In the amphibolite-facies Alpine Schist, highly crystalline graphite, indicating peak metamorphic temperatures up to 640°C, occurs mainly on grain boundaries within quartzo-feldspathic domains. The subsequent mylonitization process resulted in the reworking of graphite under lower temperature conditions (500–600°C), resulting in clustered (in protomylonites) and foliation-aligned graphite (in mylonites). In cataclasites, derived from the mylonitized schists, graphite is most abundant (<50% as opposed to <10% elsewhere), and has two different habits: inherited mylonitic graphite and less mature patches of potentially hydrothermal graphitic carbon. Tectonic–hydrothermal fluid flow was probably important in graphite deposition throughout the examined rock sequences. The increasing abundance of graphite towards the fault zone core may be a significant source of strain localization, allowing fault weakening. Supplementary material: Raman spectra of graphite from the Alpine Fault rocks is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3911797
A review of deformation bands in reservoir sandstones: geometries, mechanisms and distribution
Abstract Deformation bands are common subseismic structures in porous sandstones that vary with respect to deformation mechanisms, geometries and distribution. The amount of cataclasis involved largely determines how they impact fluid flow, and cataclasis is generally promoted by coarse grain size, good sorting, high porosity and overburden (usually >500–1000 m). Most bands involve a combination of shear and compaction, and a distinction can be made between those where shear displacement greatly exceeds compaction (compactional shear bands or CSB), where the two are of similar magnitude (shear-enhanced compaction bands or SECB), and pure compaction bands (PCB). The latter two only occur in the contractional regime, are characterized by high (70–100°) dihedral angles (SECB) or perpendicularity (PCB) to σ 1 (the maximum principal stress) and are restricted to layers with very high porosity. Contraction generally tends to produce populations of well-distributed deformation bands, whereas in the extensional regime the majority of bands are clustered around faults. Deformation bands also favour highly porous parts of a reservoir, which may result in a homogenization of the overall reservoir permeability and enhance sweep during hydrocarbon production. A number of intrinsic and external variables must therefore be considered when assessing the influence of deformation bands on reservoir performance.
Abstract Little is known about the effect of thrusting on lithological and petrophysical properties of reservoir sandstone. Here we use field observations, probe permeability measurements and thin-section analysis along ten transects from the Muddy Mountain thrust contact downwards into the underlying Jurassic Aztec Sandstone to evaluate the nature and extent of petrophysical and microstructural changes caused by the thrusting. The results reveal a decimetre- to metre-thick low-permeable (≤50 mD) and indurated (0–3% porosity) zone immediately beneath the thrust contact in which dominant microscale processes, in decreasing order of importance, are (1) cataclasis with local fault gouge formation; (2) pressure solution; and (3) very limited cementation. From this narrow zone the petrophysical and microstructural effect of the thrusting decreases gradually downwards into a friable, highly porous ( c. 25%) and permeable (≤2 D) sandstone some 50–150 m below the thrust, in which strain is localized into deformation band populations. In general, the petrophysical properties of the sandstone as a result of overthrusting reveal little impact in overall primary reservoir quality below some tens of metres into the footwall, except for the relatively minor baffling effect of deformation bands.