Abstract This work integrates the available geological information and geochronology data for the Cretaceous–Recent magmatism in the South Atlantic, represented by onshore and offshore magmatic events, including the oceanic islands along the transform faults and near the mid-ocean ridge. The analysis of the igneous rocks and their tectonic settings allows new insights into the evolution of the African and Brazilian continental margins during the South Atlantic opening. Following the abundant volcanism in the Early Cretaceous, the magmatic quiescence during the Aptian–Albian times is a common characteristic of almost all Brazilian and West African marginal basins. However, rocks ascribed to the Cabo Granite (104 Ma) are observed in NE Brazil. In West Africa, sparse Aptian–Albian ages are observed in a few coastal igneous centres. In the SE Brazilian margin, an east–west alkaline magmatic trend is observed from Poços de Caldas to Cabo Frio, comprising igneous intrusions dated from 87 to 64 Ma. Mafic dyke swarms trending NW also occur in the region extending from the Cabo Frio Province towards the Central Brazilian Craton. On the West African side, Early Cretaceous–Recent volcanism is observed in the Walvis Ridge (139 Ma), the St Helena Ridge (81 Ma) and the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Early Tertiary–Recent). Volcanic islands such as Ascencion (1.0–0.65 Ma), Tristão da Cunha (2.5–0.13 Ma) and the St Helena islands (12 Ma) most probably correspond to mantle plumes or hot spots presently located near the mid-Atlantic spreading centre. Within the South America platform and deep oceanic regions, the following volcanic islands are observed: the Rio Grande Rise (88–86 Ma), Abrolhos (54–44 Ma), the Vitória–Trindade Chain (no age), Trindade (2.8–1.2 Ma) and Fernando de Noronha (12–1.5 Ma). There are several volcanic features along the NW–SE-trending Cruzeiro do Sul Lineament from Cabo Frio to the Rio Grande Rise, but they have not been dated. The only known occurrence of serpentinized mantle rocks in the South Atlantic margin is associated with the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks located along the São Paulo Fracture Zone. The Cameroon Volcanic Line in NW Africa is related to the magmatism that started in the Late Cretaceous and shows local manifestations up to the Present. The compilation of all available magmatic ages suggests an asymmetrical evolution between the African and South America platforms with more pre-break-up and post-break-up magmatism observed in the Brazilian margin. This is most likely to have resulted from the different geological processes operating during the South Atlantic Ocean opening, shifts in the spreading centre, and, possibly, the rising and waning of mantle plumes. Supplementary material: A complete table with radiometric dates that have been obtained by universities, government agencies and research groups is available at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18596

Alkaline magmatism along the Cameroon Line has been active for at least 67 m.y. and is currently defined by an almost SW-NE geological lineament (mean value: N30°E). Available petrological, geochemical, and structural data obtained over the last 20 yr lead us to reappraise its mechanism of emplacement. Known as the second most important geological curiosity in Africa, after the East African Rift system, it displays a continental part and an oceanic part, a unique feature in Africa and even in the world. The continental part contains both plutonic and volcanic massifs, and the oceanic part consists only of volcanic massifs. Plutonic rocks as a whole define a complete series of gabbro-diorite-monzonite-syenite-granite type, whereas volcanic rocks display abundant basic (basalt-hawaiite) and felsic (trachyte-phonolite-rhyolite) lavas with very few intermediate ones (mugearite-benmoreite). The formerly entire alkaline nature of these rocks is here ruled out by the discovery of volcanoes with geochemically transitional affinities in some areas of the continental sector. On the other hand, new K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates confirm the absence of any age migration associated with the SW-NE linear trend. This lack of steady time-space migration and the SW-NE trend have also been observed in the magmatic provinces of Nigeria and Benue Trough, which share similar geochemical features with the Cameroon Line, and along the NE-SW major igneous lineaments in South Africa. The mechanism of such episodic emplacement of alkaline magmatism can be better explained in terms of complex interactions between hotspots and lithospheric fractures during African plate motion.

Basaltic lavas of Nyos volcano (Cameroon) mostly contain mantle peridotite xenoliths consisting of spinel-bearing lherzolites and harzburgites. Based on the trace-element patterns, especially rare earth element (REE) patterns, two groups of samples have been distinguished: group 1 samples are characterized by spoon-shaped REE patterns, and group 2 samples show light (L) REE–enriched patterns. Mineralogical characteristics together with major- and trace-element compositions point to a low degree of partial melting (less than 5%) and metasomatic processes. The latter mechanism explains in particular the LREE content of bulk rocks and clinopyroxenes and the occurrence of hydrous minerals in some samples. All the metasomatic features observed in both groups of samples are related to more or less alkaline—and carbonated—mafic silicate melts. These melts are related to the magmatic activity of the Cameroon volcanic line, leading in particular to the eruption of the host lava xenoliths.

Ocean island basalt (OIB) and OIB-like basalt are widespread in oceanic and continental settings and, contrary to popular belief, most occur in situations where mantle plumes cannot provide a plausible explanation. They are readily distinguished from normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) through ΔNb, a parameter that expresses the deviation from a reference line (ΔNb = 0) separating parallel Icelandic and N-MORB arrays on a logarithmic plot of Nb/Y versus Zr/Y. Icelandic basalts provide a useful reference set because (1) they are by definition both enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) and OIB, and (2) they represent a larger range of mantle melt fractions than do intraplate OIBs. Virtually all N-MORB has ΔNb < 0, whereas all Icelandic basalts have ΔNb > 0. E-MORB with ΔNb > 0 is abundant on other sections of ridge, notably in the south Atlantic and south Indian oceans. E-MORB and N-MORB from this region form strongly bimodal populations in ΔNb, separated at ΔNb = 0, suggesting that mixing between their respective mantle sources is very limited. Most OIBs and basalts from many small seamounts, especially those formed on old lithosphere, also have ΔNb > 0. HIMU OIB (OIB with high 206 Pb/ 204 Pb values and therefore a high-µ [U/Pb] source) has higher ΔNb on average than does EM (enriched mantle) OIB, consistent with the presence of recycled continental crust (which has ΔNb < 0) in the EM source. Although EM OIBs tend to have the lowest values, most still have ΔNb > 0, suggesting that a relatively Nb-rich component (probably subducted ocean crust) is present in all OIB sources. The OIB source components seem to be present on all scales, from small streaks or blobs of enriched material (with positive ΔNb) carried in the upper-mantle convective flow and responsible for small ocean islands, some seamounts, and most E-MORB, to large mantle upwellings (plumes), inferred to be present beneath Hawaii, Iceland, Réunion, and Galápagos. It is not possible to identify a point on this continuum at which mantle plumes (if they exist) become involved, and it follows that OIB cannot be a diagnostic feature of plumes. The geochemical similarity of allegedly plume-related OIB and manifestly nonplume OIB is the first part of the OIB paradox. Continental intraplate transitional and alkali basalt in both rift and nonrift (e.g., Cameroon line) settings usually has positive ΔNb and is geochemically indistinguishable from OIB. Continental volcanic rift systems erupt OIB-like basalt, irrespective of whether they are apparently plume-driven (e.g., East Africa, Basin and Range), passive (e.g., Scottish Midland Valley) or somewhere between (e.g., North Sea basin). Magma erupted in passive rifts must have its source in the upper mantle, and yet it is always OIB-like. N-MORB–like magma is only erupted when rifting progresses to continental break-up and the onset of seafloor spreading. Continental OIB-like magma is frequently erupted almost continuously in the same place on a moving lithospheric plate for tens of millions of years, suggesting that its source is coupled in some way to the plate, and yet the Cameroon line (where continental and oceanic basalts are geochemically indistinguishable) suggests that the source is sub-lithospheric. The causes and sources of continental OIB-like magma remain enigmatic and form the second part of the OIB paradox.