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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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cameras
Picture-Perfect Petrography: Affordable Thin-Section Scanning for Geoscientists in the Digital Era
Earthquake Delay and Rupture Velocity in Near‐Field Dynamic Triggering Dictated by Stress‐Controlled Nucleation
Evaluation of hydromorphological conditions of Grand Popo Beach using two unique video cameras
Earth observation remote sensing for oil and gas: A new era
Evaluating the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for Collecting Discontinuity Orientation Data for Rock Slope Stability Analysis
Combining Instrumental Monitoring and High-Resolution Topography for Estimating Sediment Yield in a Debris-Flow Catchment
High-resolution hyperspectral-based continuous mineralogical and total organic carbon analysis of the Eagle Ford Group and associated formations in south Texas
Rockfall Hazard Rating System: Benefits of Utilizing Remote Sensing
Landmark Data Set from the Building Nonstructural Components and Systems (BNCS) Project
HOTSAT: a multiplatform system for the thermal monitoring of volcanic activity using satellite data
Abstract The HOTSAT multiplatform system for the analysis of infrared data from satellites provides a framework that allows the detection of volcanic hotspots and an output of their associated radiative power. This multiplatform system can operate on both Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager data. The new version of the system is now implemented on graphics processing units and its interface is available on the internet under restricted access conditions. Combining the estimation of time-varying discharge rates using HOTSAT with the MAGFLOW physics-based model to simulate lava flow paths resulted in the first operational system in which satellite observations drive the modelling of lava flow emplacement. This allows the timely definition of the parameters and maps essential for hazard assessment, including the propagation time of lava flows and the maximum run-out distance. The system was first used in an operational context during the paroxysmal episode at Mt Etna on 12–13 January 2011, when we produced real-time predictions of the areas likely to be inundated by lava flows while the eruption was still ongoing. This allowed key at-risk areas to be rapidly and appropriately identified.
Hazard mitigation and crisis management during major flank eruptions at Etna volcano: reporting on real experience
Abstract Etna volcano is characterized by frequent effusive eruptions from the summit craters or from flank fissures, and these have often threatened villages, infrastructures and tourist facilities. Considerable experience of lava-flow mitigation has been gained by scientists working on this volcano, and in this paper we principally discuss the problems arising from lava flows emplaced during the 2002–03 flank eruption, when eruptive fissures opened both on the northern and southern flanks of the volcano, feeding lava flows towards several villages, tourist facilities and forests. We highlight the importance of the monitoring system to follow the spreading of eruptive fissures and predict when they stopped propagating. We illustrate the value of thermal mapping in identifying active lava flows, in measuring effusion rates to estimate the maximum distance that flows can travel, and in obtaining reliable lava-flow simulations in real time in order to predict possible paths of the lava flow and to adopt the most appropriate solutions to limit its damage. Collaborations between scientists from different institutions and fields once again proved essential to understand and model the eruptive processes, to mitigate hazards and to obtain the best results.
CosmoELEMENTS
PARTING SHOTS
Abstract Throughout the world, many coal fires are currently burning out of control. In the People’s Republic of China, ∼750 coal fires are burning and depleting a significant amount of the country’s energy supply. Emissions from the smoldering fires are polluting the soil, the groundwater, and the atmosphere. To protect the environment and the natural resources, the Chinese government has taken steps to control or extinguish these fires. In fact, the People’s Republic of China has been fighting these coal fires since the foundation of the country in its present form, following the Chinese fire-fighting manual from 1953. To extinguish a fire—or hot spot, which the fire location is often called—its location must be known with a high degree of accuracy. Hot spots have been successfully located in Xinjiang and inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China, by combining conventional and modern exploration methods. After the identification of a hot spot, phase terrain and thermal anomalies at the surface are surveyed by using the global positioning system and by thermal mapping with an infrared camera. Subsequently, detailed geological sampling and mapping provide the data to create two- and three-dimensional models of the fire. Our survey results of this initial phase revealed the location of several hot spots. The second phase concentrated on the geophysical survey of selected areas. for instance, magnetic investigations detect thermally demagnetized rocks, geoelectrical surveys measure the resistivity, which tends to increase in burned rocks, and seismo-acoustic surveys “listen to” the fires. As burning coal seams fracture along with the surrounding rock, microtremors are produced. Appropriately placed geophones can detect the source of such tremors. Investigations into coal fires include gas flux measurements and gas analyses to acquire data on air flow, air-flow velocities, and air pollution. By correlating all of the geophysical measurements and integrating them into a combined model, it is possible to determine the location and depth of a hot spot. In addition, the direction and rate of fire propagation can be calculated through interpolation and interpretation of several geophysical measurements. In this study, the results were confirmed by increasing downhole temperature measurements in holes that were drilled into the subsurface.
Subsurface coal-mine fires: Laboratory simulation, numerical modeling, and depth estimation
Abstract Subsurface coal-mine fires occur in many mining regions, especially where coal has been previously excavated by “room-and-pillar” mining methods. The surface above these fires heats up to produce a thermal anomaly. The shape of the temperature profile over the fire zone holds clues to the depth of the underground fire. We simulated an underground coal-mine fire in the laboratory by burying a hot glass tube in a sandbox. The thermal anomaly over the tube was recorded using a forward looking infrared radiometer (FLIR TM ) camera. Numerical modeling using finite-element techniques for various combinations of tube depth and tube temperature helped to empirically derive a depth-estimation function, called the linear anomaly surface transect (LAST) function. Comparisons of the results from the LAST function with the half-anomaly-width function for depth estimation developed by Panigrahi et al. ( 1995 ) showed that the LAST function gave more accurate results for shallow subsurface coal fires ranging in depth from a few centimeters to ∼10 m. for moderate-depth coal fires, ranging in depth from 10 m to 40 m, the depths estimated by the two functions were comparable.