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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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East Africa
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Tanzania
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Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
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Kalahari Desert (1)
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Lewis thrust fault (1)
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Marathon Basin (1)
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North America
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Oceania
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Micronesia
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Marshall Islands
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Rio Grande (1)
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United States
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Arizona
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Yavapai County Arizona (1)
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Florida
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Florida Keys (1)
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Monroe County Florida (2)
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Idaho (1)
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Mississippi
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Clarke County Mississippi (1)
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George County Mississippi (1)
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Greene County Mississippi (1)
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Harrison County Mississippi (1)
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Jackson County Mississippi (1)
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Perry County Mississippi (2)
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Stone County Mississippi (2)
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Wayne County Mississippi (1)
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Montana
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Blaine County Montana (1)
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Glacier County Montana (1)
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Moxa Arch (1)
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Pennsylvania (1)
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Texas
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Pecos County Texas (1)
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USSR (1)
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commodities
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mineral deposits, genesis (3)
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petroleum
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phosphate deposits (1)
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elements, isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (12)
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isotope ratios (5)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (12)
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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metals
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alkaline earth metals
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magnesium (2)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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germanium (1)
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iron (1)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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fossils
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bacteria (2)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Hymenoptera (1)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
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Scleractinia (1)
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Mollusca
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Bivalvia (1)
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Cephalopoda (1)
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Protista
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Foraminifera
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microfossils (3)
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Plantae
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thallophytes (3)
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Tertiary
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Eocene (2)
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Comanchean
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Edwards Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Edwards Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Eagle Sandstone (1)
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Frontier Formation (1)
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Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Bathonian (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Smackover Formation (3)
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Triassic
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Middle Triassic (1)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Middle Cambrian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (2)
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Middle Carboniferous (1)
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Madison Group (1)
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Middle Mississippian
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Visean (1)
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Upper Mississippian
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Serpukhovian (1)
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Windsor Group (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Desmoinesian
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Boggy Shale (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Elk Point Group (1)
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Givetian (1)
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Prairie Evaporite (1)
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Winnipegosis Formation (2)
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Upper Devonian
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Grosmont Formation (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician (2)
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Permian
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Phosphoria Formation (1)
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Upper Permian (1)
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Silurian (1)
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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plutonic rocks
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quartzolite (1)
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volcanic rocks
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pyroclastics
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tuff (2)
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volcanic ash (1)
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metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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cataclasites (1)
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metasedimentary rocks (1)
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minerals
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carbonates
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ankerite (1)
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calcite (19)
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dolomite (6)
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magnesian calcite (1)
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minerals (4)
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framework silicates
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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clay minerals
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illite (1)
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sulfates
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gypsum (2)
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sulfides
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galena (1)
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iron sulfides (1)
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pyrite (2)
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sphalerite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Tanzania
-
Oldoinyo Lengai (1)
-
-
-
Kalahari Desert (1)
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North Africa
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Algeria (1)
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Tunisia (2)
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Sahara (1)
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-
Asia
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Far East
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China (1)
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Korea (1)
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Malay Peninsula
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West Malaysia (1)
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Malaysia
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West Malaysia (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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India
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Rajasthan India (1)
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Middle East
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Israel
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Galilee (1)
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-
-
Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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Exuma Sound (1)
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Great Bahama Bank (1)
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Little Bahama Bank (1)
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Australasia
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New Zealand (1)
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bacteria (2)
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bitumens (2)
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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Nova Scotia (1)
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Quebec
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Anticosti Island (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta (1)
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Saskatchewan (2)
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-
-
carbon
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C-13/C-12 (12)
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-
Caribbean region
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West Indies
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Bahamas (4)
-
Cayman Islands
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Grand Cayman Island (1)
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (3)
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Pleistocene
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Miami Limestone (1)
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upper Pleistocene (1)
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-
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene (1)
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Pliocene (2)
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Paleogene
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Eocene (2)
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-
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upper Cenozoic (1)
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Central America
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Belize (1)
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-
chemical analysis (1)
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crystal growth (4)
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deformation (1)
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diagenesis (43)
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economic geology (3)
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engineering geology (1)
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Europe
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Orenburg Russian Federation (1)
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Scandinavia
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Sweden (2)
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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London Basin (1)
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Wiltshire England (1)
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Scotland (1)
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Wales
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-
-
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-
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faults (2)
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folds (1)
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foliation (1)
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fractures (1)
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geochemistry (8)
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ground water (4)
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (1)
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plutonic rocks
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quartzolite (1)
-
-
volcanic rocks
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pyroclastics
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tuff (2)
-
-
-
-
inclusions
-
fluid inclusions (2)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Mandibulata
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
Scleractinia (1)
-
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia (1)
-
Cephalopoda (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina
-
Rotaliacea (1)
-
-
-
-
-
isotopes
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (12)
-
O-18/O-16 (10)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
lava (1)
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Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea
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West Mediterranean (1)
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Edwards Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Eagle Sandstone (1)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
-
-
Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic (1)
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Middle Jurassic
-
Bathonian (1)
-
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Smackover Formation (3)
-
-
-
Triassic
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Middle Triassic (1)
-
-
-
metal ores
-
lead ores (1)
-
lead-zinc deposits (1)
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uranium ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
-
-
metals
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alkaline earth metals
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magnesium (2)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
germanium (1)
-
iron (1)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
cataclasites (1)
-
metasedimentary rocks (1)
-
-
metasomatism (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (3)
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minerals (4)
-
North America
-
Basin and Range Province (1)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (4)
-
Western Overthrust Belt (1)
-
-
Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 101
-
ODP Site 627 (1)
-
ODP Site 628 (1)
-
ODP Site 630 (1)
-
ODP Site 631 (1)
-
ODP Site 632 (1)
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ODP Site 633 (1)
-
-
-
Oceania
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Micronesia
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Marshall Islands
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Enewetak Atoll (1)
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-
-
-
oceanography (1)
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oil and gas fields (2)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (10)
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paleoclimatology (2)
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paleoecology (4)
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paleogeography (2)
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paleontology (3)
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Paleozoic
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Cambrian
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Middle Cambrian (1)
-
-
Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (2)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Madison Group (1)
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Serpukhovian (1)
-
-
Windsor Group (1)
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Bashkirian (1)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Desmoinesian
-
Boggy Shale (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Elk Point Group (1)
-
Givetian (1)
-
Prairie Evaporite (1)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (2)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Grosmont Formation (1)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Phosphoria Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian (1)
-
-
Silurian (1)
-
-
paragenesis (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas (3)
-
-
phosphate deposits (1)
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Plantae
-
algae (2)
-
-
reefs (4)
-
reservoirs (1)
-
sedimentary petrology (29)
-
sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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chalk (2)
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dolostone (2)
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grainstone (5)
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limestone
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biocalcarenite (1)
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biomicrite (1)
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biosparite (1)
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micrite (4)
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oolitic limestone (1)
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packstone (1)
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wackestone (1)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (2)
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phosphate rocks (2)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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quartz arenite (1)
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mudstone (1)
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red beds (1)
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sandstone (4)
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shale (1)
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siltstone (1)
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
biogenic structures
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algal structures
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algal mats (1)
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bioturbation (1)
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-
planar bedding structures
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laminations (1)
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soft sediment deformation (1)
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-
sedimentation (12)
-
sediments
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carbonate sediments (5)
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clastic sediments
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gravel (1)
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mud (2)
-
-
marine sediments (1)
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stratigraphy (1)
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structural analysis (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
-
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tectonics
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salt tectonics (1)
-
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thallophytes (3)
-
United States
-
Arizona
-
Yavapai County Arizona (1)
-
-
Florida
-
Florida Keys (1)
-
Miami-Dade County Florida (1)
-
Monroe County Florida (2)
-
-
Idaho (1)
-
Mississippi
-
Clarke County Mississippi (1)
-
George County Mississippi (1)
-
Greene County Mississippi (1)
-
Harrison County Mississippi (1)
-
Jackson County Mississippi (1)
-
Perry County Mississippi (2)
-
Stone County Mississippi (2)
-
Wayne County Mississippi (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Blaine County Montana (1)
-
Glacier County Montana (1)
-
-
Moxa Arch (1)
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New Mexico (1)
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Oklahoma
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Carter County Oklahoma (1)
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Pennsylvania (1)
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Texas
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Brazoria County Texas (1)
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Brewster County Texas (1)
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Galveston County Texas
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Pecos County Texas (1)
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Scurry County Texas (1)
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Trans-Pecos (1)
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Utah (2)
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Wyoming (3)
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USSR (1)
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calcrete (3)
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laminite (1)
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molasse (1)
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oolite (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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chalk (2)
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dolostone (2)
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grainstone (5)
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limestone
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biocalcarenite (1)
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biomicrite (1)
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biosparite (1)
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micrite (4)
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oolitic limestone (1)
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packstone (1)
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wackestone (1)
-
-
chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (2)
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phosphate rocks (2)
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-
clastic rocks
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arenite
-
quartz arenite (1)
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mudstone (1)
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red beds (1)
-
sandstone (4)
-
shale (1)
-
siltstone (1)
-
-
-
-
sedimentary structures
-
laminite (1)
-
sedimentary structures
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biogenic structures
-
algal structures
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algal mats (1)
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bioturbation (1)
-
-
planar bedding structures
-
laminations (1)
-
-
soft sediment deformation (1)
-
-
-
sediments
-
oolite (2)
-
sediments
-
carbonate sediments (5)
-
clastic sediments
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gravel (1)
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mud (2)
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marine sediments (1)
-
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
calcitization
Germanium Enrichment Mechanism: An Example from the Maoping Carbonate-Hosted Zn-Pb-(Ge) Deposit, SW China
ABSTRACT Middle Triassic to Lower Jurassic continental conglomerate, sandstone, and mudrock are widely exposed in the highest tectonostratigraphic terranes (internal domains) of western and central circum-Mediterranean orogenic belts. These red beds are a key tectonic facies assemblage representing onset of the Tethyan rift-valley stage in the western Mediterranean, during which plate and microplate boundaries were localized during breakup of Pangea. These red beds likely define the boundary of the Mesomediterranean microplate, which played a key role in the Cenozoic evolution of the western Mediterranean. Red beds unconformably overlie Paleozoic metasedimentary and locally plutonic rocks, and they are covered by Early Jurassic and younger sedimentary strata; they are generally mildly deformed and only locally metamorphosed. Sandstone detrital modes vary from quartzarenite to quartzolithic, reflecting a provenance from Cambrian–Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks similar to those underlying the red beds. Reevaluation of previously published petrographic databases and detailed hot-cathodoluminescence (H-CL) analysis of quartz grains indicate that most quartz grains were derived from heterogeneous metamorphic, plutonic, and volcanic rocks. Evaluation of the diagenetic evolution of red beds using chemical-mineralogical analyses and H-CL analyses indicates that compaction and cementation played key roles. Compaction consists of brittle deformation, with breakage of quartz grains and production of early quartz cement, which closed the fractures, followed by a second stage of quartz cementation. Carbonate cements consist of dolomite, ankerite, and calcite. This last cement, related to dedolomitization/calcitization processes, produced carbonate crystals with iron oxides. The sandstone experienced intense reduction of intergranular volume during early stages of burial, as indicated by contrasting compactional porosity loss (COPL; mean of 31.1%) versus cementational porosity loss (CEPL; mean of 8.5%). These data demonstrate the minor role of cementation in reducing porosity and the prevalence of compaction as the main process destroying primary pores. The diagenesis of the analyzed red beds is variable within several internal domains of the orogenic belts, suggesting local influences related to the provenance and geotectonic evolution of each basin.
Calcitization of aragonite speleothems in limestone caves in Korea: Diagenetic process in a semiclosed system
A coordinated textural, stable isotopic, and elemental investigation of calcitized speleothems was carried out to delineate the diagenetic transformation of unstable aragonite to stable low-Mg calcite. Many aragonite speleothems in certain limestone caves in Korea (Baekgol Cave, Jungteogeori Cave, and Chilsong Cave) have been partially calcitized. The neomorphic calcite crystals vary in size from tens of microns to a few millimeters. Numerous relic aragonite crystals and relic growth lines are present within the neomorphic calcites. Original calcite speleothems (i.e., initially deposited as calcite) tend to be more depleted in Sr and enriched in Mg than the original aragonite, and trace-element compositions of the neomorphic calcites approach their original aragonites. Also, O- and C-isotope compositions of the neomorphic calcite show similar ranges to those of the original aragonite. This suggests that the calcitization within the speleothems occurred in a semiclosed diagenetic system with respect to trace elements and oxygen isotopes. Diagenetic trends strongly suggest that stable isotopes and trace elements of the original aragonite were remobilized during calcitization. Unaltered aragonite speleothems in the Jungteogeori Cave are enriched in 13 C compared to original calcite speleothems, which may indicate that calcite speleothems were influenced more by soil-derived meteoric water during speleothem growth or that aragonite speleothems were deposited from cave water that was more buffered by carbon derived from the surrounding limestone. The 18 O enrichment observed in original aragonite speleothems compared to original calcite speleothems may imply that the aragonite speleothems were formed by evaporation under less humid conditions.