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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Aar Valley (1)
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Angola
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Cabinda Angola (1)
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Congo River (1)
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East Africa
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Atlas Mountains
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High Atlas (3)
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Egypt
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
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Proboscidea
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Reptilia
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Ichthyosauria (1)
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eukaryotes (1)
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Invertebrata
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Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Inarticulata (1)
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Mollusca
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Mytilus (1)
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Cephalopoda
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Gastropoda
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Pulmonata
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Conodonta
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Plantae
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Pteridophyta
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Spermatophyta
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Coniferales (1)
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Saugus Formation (1)
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Stone Age
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Oligocene
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upper Paleocene (2)
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Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2)
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Shahejie Formation (1)
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Coal Measures (1)
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Laurentide ice sheet (2)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian
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Pinda Formation (1)
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Aptian
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Shuaiba Formation (2)
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Barremian (1)
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Wealden (1)
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Middle Cretaceous (3)
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Nanushuk Group (1)
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Quantou Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Blackhawk Formation (1)
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Campanian (2)
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Carlile Shale (1)
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Cenomanian
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upper Cenomanian (1)
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Frontier Formation (1)
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K-T boundary (2)
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Lance Formation (1)
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Lewis Shale (1)
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Maestrichtian (2)
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Maevarano Formation (1)
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Niobrara Formation (1)
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Pierre Shale (1)
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Senonian (3)
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Turonian (3)
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Viking Formation (1)
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Franciscan Complex (1)
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Great Valley Sequence (2)
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Jurassic
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Lower Jurassic
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Middle Jurassic
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Broom Formation (1)
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Etive Formation (1)
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Ness Formation (1)
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Rannoch Formation (1)
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Tarbert Formation (1)
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Dogger (1)
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Norphlet Formation (1)
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Oxford Clay (1)
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Posidonia Shale (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Fulmar Formation (2)
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Kimmeridge Clay (6)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Smackover Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Middle Triassic (1)
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Montney Formation (3)
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Sherwood Sandstone (2)
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Upper Triassic
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Keuper (1)
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Mercia Mudstone (1)
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Xujiahe Formation (1)
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Yanchang Formation (1)
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-
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upper Mesozoic (2)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (3)
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Yanshanian (1)
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Moldanubian (1)
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Paleozoic
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Berea Sandstone (2)
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (5)
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (1)
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Upper Cambrian
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (3)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (2)
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Lower Mississippian
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Joana Limestone (1)
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Osagian (2)
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Tournaisian (2)
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-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean
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upper Visean (1)
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-
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Sunbury Shale (2)
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Upper Mississippian
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Meramecian
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Salem Limestone (1)
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Serpukhovian (2)
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Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Francis Creek Shale (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Staunton Formation (1)
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Strawn Series (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Seminole Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
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Westphalian (2)
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Cow Head Group (1)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Oriskany Sandstone (1)
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Middle Devonian
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Dundee Limestone (1)
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Marcellus Shale (2)
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Winnipegosis Formation (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (2)
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Swan Hills Formation (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Chemung Formation (1)
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (1)
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Frasnian
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Leduc Formation (2)
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Kellwasser event (1)
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Ohio Shale (2)
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Olentangy Shale (1)
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Gemericum (1)
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Gfohl Unit (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Saint George Group (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
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-
Upper Ordovician
-
Cincinnatian (1)
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Fairview Formation (1)
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Hirnantian (2)
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Katian (3)
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Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
-
Khuff Formation (2)
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Lower Permian
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Al Khlata Formation (1)
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (4)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
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Phosphoria Formation (2)
-
Rotliegendes (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Zechstein (2)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
-
Telychian (1)
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-
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Middle Silurian
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Clinton Group (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Salina Group (1)
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-
-
upper Paleozoic (7)
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Phanerozoic (6)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Warrawoona Group (1)
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Johnnie Formation (1)
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Kingston Peak Formation (1)
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Kisseynew Complex (1)
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Stirling Quartzite (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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Unkar Group (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Great Oxidation Event (1)
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Kombolgie Formation (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Roper Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Dengying Formation (3)
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Paleoproterozoic (5)
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Pretoria Group (1)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (3)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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igneous rocks
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extrusive rocks (1)
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granites (11)
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ultramafics
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porphyry (1)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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flood basalts (1)
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olivine basalt (1)
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glasses (2)
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pyroclastics
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tuff (1)
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ophiolite (2)
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volcanic ash (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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K-bentonite (2)
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metasedimentary rocks
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slates (1)
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ophiolite (2)
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iron minerals (1)
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native elements
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diamond (2)
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rutile (3)
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phosphates
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apatite (34)
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-
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silicates
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amphibole group
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-
-
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pyroxene group
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clinopyroxene
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omphacite (2)
-
-
-
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feldspathoids (1)
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framework silicates
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feldspar group
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alkali feldspar
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K-feldspar (3)
-
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plagioclase
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albite (1)
-
-
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silica minerals
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coesite (1)
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opal
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opal-A (2)
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opal-CT (2)
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zeolite group
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orthosilicates
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sheet silicates
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sulfates
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Primary terms
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Africa
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Tertiary
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Shahejie Formation (1)
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Proboscidea
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Reptilia
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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IPOD
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Leg 86
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Leg 32
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (41)
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Indian Ocean
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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
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intrusions (23)
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Invertebrata
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Brachiopoda
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Mollusca
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40 (1)
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C-13 (1)
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C-13/C-12 (57)
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C-14/C-12 (1)
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D/H (7)
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deuterium (1)
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He-3 (3)
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He-4/He-3 (2)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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Ne-21 (3)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (45)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (8)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
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-
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land subsidence (1)
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lava (2)
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lineation (2)
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magmas (4)
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Malay Archipelago
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Borneo (1)
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mantle (2)
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marine installations (1)
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Mediterranean region
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades (1)
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Calabrian Arc (2)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Levantine Basin (1)
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Pelagian Sea
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Gulf of Gabes (1)
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West Mediterranean (2)
-
-
Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Graneros Shale (1)
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Judea Group (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Agrio Formation (1)
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Albian
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Pinda Formation (1)
-
-
Aptian
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Shuaiba Formation (2)
-
-
Barremian (1)
-
Cadomin Formation (1)
-
Hauterivian (1)
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Moosebar Formation (1)
-
Torok Formation (1)
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Valanginian (1)
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Wealden (1)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (3)
-
Nanushuk Group (1)
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Quantou Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Blackhawk Formation (1)
-
Campanian (2)
-
Carlile Shale (1)
-
Cenomanian
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upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Lance Formation (1)
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Lewis Shale (1)
-
Maestrichtian (2)
-
Maevarano Formation (1)
-
Niobrara Formation (1)
-
Pierre Shale (1)
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Senonian (3)
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Turonian (3)
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Viking Formation (1)
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-
Franciscan Complex (1)
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Great Valley Sequence (2)
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Jurassic
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Coast Range Ophiolite (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
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lower Liassic (1)
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Toarcian
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lower Toarcian (1)
-
-
upper Liassic (1)
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-
Middle Jurassic
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Aalenian (1)
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Bajocian
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Brent Group (2)
-
Broom Formation (1)
-
Etive Formation (1)
-
Ness Formation (1)
-
Rannoch Formation (1)
-
Tarbert Formation (1)
-
-
Dogger (1)
-
-
Norphlet Formation (1)
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Oxford Clay (1)
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Posidonia Shale (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
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Fulmar Formation (2)
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Kimmeridge Clay (6)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Portlandian (1)
-
Smackover Formation (1)
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Tithonian (2)
-
-
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Newark Supergroup (1)
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Pucara Group (1)
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Triassic
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Lower Triassic
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Bunter (1)
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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-
Middle Triassic (1)
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Montney Formation (3)
-
Sherwood Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Triassic
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Keuper (1)
-
Mercia Mudstone (1)
-
Xujiahe Formation (1)
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Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (2)
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Vaca Muerta Formation (3)
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Yanshanian (1)
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-
metal ores
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cobalt ores (1)
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copper ores (2)
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gold ores (1)
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lead ores (3)
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lead-zinc deposits (2)
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zinc ores (2)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium
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U-238/U-234 (1)
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alkali metals
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cesium
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Cs-137 (1)
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-
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (25)
-
Be-7 (1)
-
-
magnesium (3)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (19)
-
-
-
aluminum
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Al-26 (24)
-
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gold (1)
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iron (2)
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (1)
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Pb-210 (1)
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platinum group
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platinum ores (1)
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rare earths (5)
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metamorphic rocks
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cataclasites (1)
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paragneiss (1)
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granulites (2)
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marbles (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metasedimentary rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (1)
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mylonites (1)
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slates (1)
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metamorphism (55)
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Mexico
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mineral deposits, genesis (7)
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Moon (1)
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N-15/N-14 (1)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40 (1)
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helium
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He-3 (3)
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neon
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Ne-21 (3)
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (4)
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Appalachians
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Appalachian Plateau (2)
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Central Appalachians (1)
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Basin and Range Province (5)
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Western Interior
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Western Interior Seaway (2)
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Williston Basin (3)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (1)
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ocean basins (2)
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Ocean Drilling Program
-
Leg 138
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ODP Site 846 (1)
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Leg 159
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ODP Site 959 (1)
-
-
Leg 169S
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ODP Site 1033 (1)
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-
Leg 199
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ODP Site 1221 (1)
-
-
Leg 208
-
ODP Site 1263 (1)
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-
-
ocean floors (13)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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New Caledonia (1)
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oil and gas fields (38)
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orogeny (22)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (45)
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Pacific Coast (2)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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North Pacific
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Zhujiangkou Basin (2)
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South Pacific
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Coral Sea
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Java Sea (1)
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Ontong Java Plateau (1)
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Java Sea (1)
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paleoclimatology (23)
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paleoecology (16)
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paleogeography (19)
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paleomagnetism (9)
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paleontology (4)
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Paleozoic
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Berea Sandstone (2)
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (5)
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Middle Cambrian
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Burgess Shale (1)
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-
Upper Cambrian
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
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-
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Carboniferous
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Lower Carboniferous
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Dinantian (3)
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Mississippian
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Barnett Shale (2)
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Borden Group (1)
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Lower Mississippian
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Joana Limestone (1)
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Kinderhookian (1)
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Osagian (2)
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Tournaisian (2)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
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Visean
-
upper Visean (1)
-
-
-
Sunbury Shale (2)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Meramecian
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Salem Limestone (1)
-
-
Serpukhovian (2)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Francis Creek Shale (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Bashkirian (1)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Staunton Formation (1)
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Strawn Series (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Missourian
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Kansas City Group (1)
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Seminole Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous
-
Westphalian (2)
-
-
-
Cow Head Group (1)
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Devonian
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Lower Devonian
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Oriskany Sandstone (1)
-
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Middle Devonian
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Dundee Limestone (1)
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Marcellus Shale (2)
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Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Old Red Sandstone (2)
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Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
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Chemung Formation (1)
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Famennian
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Wabamun Group (1)
-
-
Frasnian
-
Leduc Formation (2)
-
-
Kellwasser event (1)
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Ohio Shale (2)
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Olentangy Shale (1)
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-
-
Gemericum (1)
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Gfohl Unit (1)
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lower Paleozoic (1)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Saint George Group (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Saint Peter Sandstone (1)
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Upper Ordovician
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Cincinnatian (1)
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Fairview Formation (1)
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Hirnantian (2)
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Katian (3)
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Wufeng Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian
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Khuff Formation (2)
-
Lower Permian
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Al Khlata Formation (1)
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Leonardian
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Bone Spring Limestone (1)
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-
Qixia Formation (1)
-
Wolfcampian (4)
-
-
Maokou Formation (1)
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Phosphoria Formation (2)
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Rotliegendes (2)
-
Unayzah Formation (1)
-
Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Zechstein (2)
-
-
-
Silurian
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Lower Silurian
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Llandovery
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Telychian (1)
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-
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Middle Silurian
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Clinton Group (1)
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Upper Silurian
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Salina Group (1)
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-
upper Paleozoic (7)
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palynomorphs
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Plantae
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Microcodium (1)
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Rhodophyta
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Pteridophyta
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Lycopsida
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Sigillaria (1)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Gymnospermae
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Coniferales (1)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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-
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plate tectonics (20)
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pollution (2)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Warrawoona Group (1)
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Johnnie Formation (1)
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Kingston Peak Formation (1)
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Kisseynew Complex (1)
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Stirling Quartzite (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
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Unkar Group (1)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Great Oxidation Event (1)
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Kombolgie Formation (1)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Roper Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Dengying Formation (3)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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Ediacaran (2)
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Marinoan (1)
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Vendian (2)
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Paleoproterozoic (5)
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Pretoria Group (1)
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Sinian
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Dengying Formation (3)
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Doushantuo Formation (1)
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-
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problematic fossils (1)
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reefs (1)
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arkose (2)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
burial
A new approach to investigate the effect of burial depth and clay content on fault permeabilities applied at the Njord Field Available to Purchase
A fracture-related deep Archean crystalline basement reservoir facilitated by thrusting and mineralogy: Newly discovered Bozhong 19-6 large gas field, offshore Bohai Bay Basin, China Available to Purchase
Thermal maximum and overpressure of the Wolfcamp formation in the Delaware Basin of Texas and New Mexico through age and temperature of beef calcite veins Available to Purchase
Igneous intrusion drives in-reservoir oil thermal cracking: A case from the Subei Basin, eastern China Available to Purchase
Hydrocarbon-charge history of hydrothermally altered reservoirs: The Tailai gas field, eastern Sichuan Basin, China Available to Purchase
Geophysical archaeology for the study of complex historical-period burial spaces: An example from the Fort Lewis military cemetery, Colorado Available to Purchase
TRACKING FLUID TEMPERATURE AND δ 18 O IN CARBONATE-HOSTED HYDROTHERMAL ORE SYSTEMS USING CLUMPED C-O ISOTOPES Available to Purchase
Lava flow-hosted reservoirs: a review Open Access
Abstract Lava flows form important fluid reservoirs and have been extensively exploited for water aquifers, geothermal energy, hydrocarbon production and, more recently, for carbon storage. Effusive subaerial mafic to intermediate lava flows account for vast rock volumes globally, and form reservoirs with properties dictated by well-known lava flow facies ranging from pāhoehoe through several transitional forms to ‘a’ā lava. These variations in flow type lead to critical differences in the pore structure, distribution, connectivity, strength and fracturing of individual lava flows, which, alongside lava flow package architectures, determine primary reservoir potential. Lava flow margins with vesicular, fracture and often autobreccia-hosted pore structures can have porosities commonly exceeding 40% and matrix permeabilities over 10 −11 m 2 (>10 D) separated by much lower porosity and permeability flow interiors. Secondary post-emplacement physicochemical changes related to fracturing, meteoric, diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration can significantly modify reservoir potential through a complex interplay of mineral transformation, pore-clogging secondary minerals and dissolution, which must be carefully characterized and assessed during exploration and appraisal. Within this contribution, a review of selected global lava flow-hosted reservoir occurrences is presented, followed by a discussion of the factors that influence lava flow reservoir potential.
Dating the late Miocene marine sediments around the southern middle Durance valley (Provence, SE France): new evidences for a Tortonian age Open Access
Recognition of a hydrothermally linked oil accumulation process in the Tahe oil field, northwestern China, with organic geochemistry, Re-Os, and U-Pb geochronology Available to Purchase
Depositional and lithological control on fractures in a steep, reefal carbonate margin: Lennard Shelf outcrops of the Canning Basin, Western Australia Available to Purchase
Integrated approach to pore typing in complex carbonate reservoirs, Tengiz and Korolev fields, Kazakhstan Available to Purchase
Petroleum accumulation history of deeply buried carbonate reservoirs in the northern Tarim Basin, northwestern China Available to Purchase
Thermal evolution and resources of the Bowland Basin (NW England) from apatite fission-track analyses and multidimensional basin modelling Open Access
Abstract Once highlighted for having significant shale gas resource potential, the Bowland Basin has been at the centre of both scientific and political controversy over the last decade. Previous shale gas resource estimates range from 10 3 to 10 1 TCF. Repeated events of induced seismicity following hydraulic fracturing operations led to an indefinite government moratorium and abandonment of operations across the mainland UK. We use apatite fission-track analyses to investigate the magnitude and timing of post-Triassic uplift and exhumation. Results indicate that maximum palaeotemperatures of 90–100°C were reached in the stratigraphically younger Sherwood Sandstone. We combine palaeotemperature predictions to constrain palaeo heat flow and erosion in regional basin models for the first time. Our results indicate variable maximum Late Cretaceous palaeo heat flow values of 62.5–80 mW m −2 and the removal of 800–1500 m of post-Triassic strata at wells across the basin. Regional 2D basin modelling indicates a gas-in-place estimate of 131 ± 64 TCF for the Bowland Shale. This reduces to a resource potential of 13.1 ± 6.4 TCF, assuming a recovery factor of 10%. These values are significantly lower than previous resource estimates and reflect the highly complex nature of the Bowland Basin and relatively unknown history of post-Triassic uplift, exhumation and erosion.
The Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin: syngenetic processes, stacking patterns and heat productivity Open Access
Abstract We conducted a high-resolution multi-disciplinary analysis of two core sections in the borehole Ellesmere Port-1, Cheshire, UK. Biostratigraphic analysis indicates that the core sections are Kinderscoutian and late Arnsbergian–Chokierian in age, respectively. Both cores are assigned to the Bowland Shale Formation (Holywell Shale). Coupled core scan and discrete geochemical analysis enables interpretation of syngenetic processes at a high stratigraphic resolution. Both cores exhibit the classic cyclicity of limestones, calcareous to non-calcareous mudstones and siltstones, interpreted to represent sediment deposition during fourth-order sea-level fluctuation. Machine learning of the well log data coupled to the core scan data enabled prediction of the key lithofacies through the entire Bowland Shale interval in Ellesmere Port-1. The machine predictions show that the Bowland Shale is interfingered with three turbiditic leaves of the Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone Formation and contains at least 12 complete fourth-order cycles. The Bowland Shale exhibits high radiogenic heat productivity in comparison with other sedimentary rocks, due primarily to relative U enrichment under intermittently euxinic conditions. Thermal modelling, however, shows that the radiogenic heat productivity of the Bowland Shale contributes a negligible source of additional heat at the scale of hundreds of metres.
Biomarker evidence for the depositional environment of basinal UK Mississippian mudstones Open Access
Abstract The regional character of organic matter types and depositional conditions of Pendleian, Brigantian and Arnsbergian mudstones between the Craven Basin and the Widmerpool Gulf was compared through interpretation of biomarker and pyrolysis data from 201 samples recovered from nine boreholes. The Carboniferous seaways have been determined to commonly host dysoxic conditions, enabling the preservation of a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter types. Photic zone anoxia, established by the presence of aryl isoprenoids, was determined to be persistent during ‘marine’ conditions represented by marine band, high-sea-level and carbonate facies. The observation and correlation of diasteranes and trisnorneohopane/trisnorhopane ratios within the samples and to other maturity parameters highlighted a significant clay mineral catalytic and/or hydrocarbon retention effect in the samples. This influenced both biomarkers and programmed pyrolysis thermal maturity indices such as T max , reducing the reliability of such results for interpreting the burial depth, and ultimately reserve potential.
Mineral diagenesis in a carbonate-rich mudstone: the Lower Carboniferous Hodder Mudstone, UK Available to Purchase
Abstract Mineral authigenesis in mudstones responds differently across the compositional spectrum of fine-grained rocks, resulting in a complex array of possible rock fabrics that affect the mechanical capacity of mudstones. Within carbonate-rich mudstones, geochemical controls on silicate and carbonate mineral reactions are variable and poorly understood. Here we analyse the diagenetic minerals of the carbonate-rich Hodder Mudstone from the Carboniferous Bowland Basin, UK, using SEM petrography combined with X-ray-based inorganic geochemical data. Our findings show that up to 90% of quartz cements in the samples are diagenetic, originating mainly from biogenic silica dissolution and clay mineral reactions. It is also evident that due to the varying diagenetic silica-yielding reactions, authigenic silica overgrowths and isolated authigenic quartz crystals are localized in argillaceous samples, while calcareous samples are characterized by silica replacement textures and quartz/calcite intergrowths. Moreover, euhedral dolomite crystals are concentrated within argillaceous units, whereas calcareous units are characterized by anhedral dolomite precipitation and replacement textures. These finding presents a case for facies-selective cementation, as both early and burial diagenetic alterations were observed to be controlled by primary depositional components of biogenic debris and extrabasinal silicate detritus that resulted in complex and variable precipitation of authigenic minerals.