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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Asia
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Middle East
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Turkey
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Bosporus (7)
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Istanbul Turkey (2)
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Sea of Marmara (1)
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Sea of Marmara region (1)
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Azov Sea (1)
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Europe
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Azov region (1)
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Azov Sea (1)
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Danube Delta (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Black Sea (4)
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commodities
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petroleum (2)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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isotopes
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fossils
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upper Weichselian
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Asia
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Middle East
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Sea of Marmara region (1)
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carbon
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C-14 (1)
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Cenozoic
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upper Pleistocene
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upper Weichselian
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Tertiary
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Neogene
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Miocene
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upper Miocene
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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Leg 42B
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Europe
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Mediterranean Sea
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Bosporus
Offshore high-resolution seismic survey for a subsea tunnel across the Bosphorus Waterway, Istanbul, Turkey
Seismic response of soft water-bottom sediments
Abstract Several canyons are observed along the Turkish margin of the western Black Sea that are associated with a prominent unconformity and interpreted to be the manifestations of the sea-level fall during the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean. In this study, their morphology, geometry and fill characteristics, as well as downslope evolution, are compared and contrasted using four 3D seismic surveys and some 2D regional seismic lines. Two types of canyon morphologies are observed in the study area: (1) shelf incising and (2) blind. Located in the western part of the study area and deeply incised into a wide shelf, the Karaburun Canyon extends roughly in a SW–NE direction. The fill of the canyon is almost absent on the shelf, where the canyon base is downlapped by a series of Pliocene clinoforms. A thin fill appears on the upper slope, which gets thicker towards the lower slope. The eastern part of the study area is dominated by a series of blind canyons (Boğaziçi canyons). They are typically confined to the continental rise, with their heads hardly reaching the lower slope. Their fill is entirely characterized by mass-transport complexes (MTCs). It is concluded that during the Messinian lowstand, the sediments within the Karaburun Canyon bypassed the wide shelf and were funnelled down to the continental rise and abyssal plain through the slope, which was followed by progradation of the basin margin during the relative sea-level rise in the Pliocene. A minimal imprint by tectonics in that particular area might have helped establish more stable conditions for the development of a relatively mature sediment dispersal system extending from the hinterland down to the basin centre. In this area, the shelf-slope morphology was dominantly shaped by the depositional geometries of the sedimentary packages. Being fully confined to the continental rise, the Boğaziçi canyons are situated in an area where shelf-slope morphology is governed by the Late Cretaceous volcanic arc. Parallel with the coastline, these volcanic edifices have created fairly steep dips; thus, leading to the development of an unstable basin margin and favouring MTC deposition at least since the Early–Middle Miocene. The width and relief of the canyons display a decreasing trend from west to east, which may be attributed to their relative distance from a possible drainage system in the vicinity of the Bosporus that might have acted as the major sediment supplier during this period.
History of deepwater exploration in the Black Sea and an overview of deepwater petroleum play types
Abstract Deepwater hydrocarbon exploration drilling only began in the Black Sea less than 20 years ago, primarily because of the economical/technological challenges associated with mobilizing suitable rigs through the Bosporus. However, to date (end 2017), c. 20 deepwater wells have now been drilled, targeting a large variety of plays in this underexplored basin. The deepwater wells drilled to date are categorized by their main play objectives, within either the sag/post-rift or syn-rift basin fill of the Black Sea. The sag/post-rift play types have proven to be more successful, finding either biogenic gas in Miocene to Pliocene reservoirs associated with the Paleo-Danube and Paleo-Dnieper/Dniester or oil in Oligocene deepwater siliciclastic systems. Syn-rift or early post-rift plays, in contrast, assumed mostly shallow water carbonate reservoir targets. Only one well targeted pre-rift stratigraphy. Most of the exploration failures to date are directly related to the lack of reservoir at the targeted stratigraphic levels. However, the recent discoveries have underlined the presence of at least two active and effective petroleum systems that cover large parts of the deepwater Black Sea Basin.
Applications of engineering seismology in urban areas
A Black Sea lowstand at 8500 yr B.P. indicated by a relict coastal dune system at a depth of 90 m below sea level
Oceanographic surveys in the Black Sea during 1998, 2002, and 2004 in the framework of a French-Romanian joint project, and recently in the framework of the European project ASSEMBLAGE, complement previous seabed mapping and subsurface sampling studies undertaken in the Black Sea by various international expeditions. Until the Ryan and Pitman flood theory and prior to this project, it was proposed that the Black Sea was predominantly a fresh-water lake interrupted by possible marine invasions coincident with high sea level during the Quaternary. From the recent surveys carried out on the western part of the Black Sea it is evident that the Black Sea's lake level rose on the shelf to at least the isobath −40 to −30 m as ascertained by the landward limit of extent of the Dreissena layer characteristic of brackish to fresh-water conditions. This rise in the lake level could coincide with the answer of the Black Sea catchment's basin to the meltwater drained from the thawing of the ice cap ensuing Melt Water Pulse 1A ( Bard et al., 1996 ). It is possible that at that time the lake level filled by fresh water reached the level of its outlet and spilled into the Mediterranean Sea. Later, in the mid-Holocene at 7.5 k.y. B.P., the onset of salt-water conditions is clearly evident in the Black Sea. From these observations Ryan et al. (1997) came to the conclusion that the Black Sea could have been filled by salt water cascading from the Mediterranean. Even though this hypothesis has been challenged ( Aksu et al., 2002b , 1999b ), the recent confirmation of the excellent preservation of drowned beaches, sand dunes, and soils during Ifremer (Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer) surveys seems to support the Ryan and Pitman hypothesis ( Ryan and Pitman, 1999 ). The multibeam echo-sounding and the seismic reflection profiles acquired on the Romanian margin during our surveys revealed wave-cut terraces at an average water depth of 100 m. More evidence of seawater penetration is marked at the Bosphorus outlet by the presence of recent canyon heads mapped during the last cruise in 2002. The cores recovered on the Romanian continental shelf penetrated an erosion surface, indicating subaerial exposure well below the level of the modern Bosphorus outlet. The 14 C ages documented a simultaneous colonization of the terrestrial surface by marine mollusks at 7.1 k.y. B.P. The most recent palynology analysis and studies of the dynocyst population ( Popescu, 2004 ) document a real onset of fresh-water arrival during the Younger Dryas and abrupt replacement of Black Sea dynocyst by Mediterranean population, coincident with the onset of the marine mollusks.