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Black Warrior Basin
Anisotropy and petrophysics of Floyd Shale, Alabama
Reconstructing source-to-sink systems from detrital zircon core and rim ages
Detrital zircon geothermochronology reveals pre-Alleghanian exhumation of regional Mississippian sediment sources in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province
Abstract By comparing new detrital zircon provenance analysis of Triassic synrift sediments from the Tallahassee graben (FL), the South Georgia rift basin (GA), and Deep River rift basin (NC) with our previous detrital zircon provenance data for the Jurassic Norphlet Formation erg in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, we have developed a regional model of Triassic-Jurassic erosion and sediment transport. In the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, detrital zircon ages observed in Triassic synrift clastics from the Tallahassee graben and southern South Georgia rift system contain not only Gondwanan-aged and Grenville-aged zircon grains but also an abundance of Paleozoic detrital zircon grains, reflecting sediment influx from rocks associated with the Paleozoic orogens of eastern Laurentia. Although Paleozoic detrital zircon grains are present in the younger Norphlet deposits, they are less abundant than in Triassic rift sediments. In southwest Alabama, the most abundant detrital zircon age population in the Norphlet Formation is Grenville-aged (950-1,250 Ma). In the Conecuh embayment of southeastern AL and western FL panhandle, Norphlet samples show a marked decrease in Grenville detrital zircon and an increase in 525-680 Ma zircon ages, interpreted to represent influx from rocks associated with the Gondwanan Suwannee terrane. In the Apala-chicola Basin, the proportion of Gondwanan zircon ages increases to nearly 40% of the total population and Grenville-aged grains constitute just ~20% of the population. We suggest that the difference between Triassic and Jurassic detrital zircon signatures in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico reflects significant unroofing of Paleozoic rocks during early Mesozoic rifting of the easternmost Eastern Gulf of Mexico, possibly including rocks equivalent with those exposed in the Talladega slate belt units. Subsequent erosion of rift-flanking highlands to expose older Gondwanan and Grenville rocks and/or input from northern sediment sources supplied the older Grenville-aged detrital zircon grains present in the Norphlet erg in the area to the west and within the Conecuh embayment.
Oil sands in Alabama, USA: A fresh look at an emerging potential resource
Subsurface sandstone samples of the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Norphlet Formation erg deposits and (Kimmeridgian) Haynesville Formation sabkha deposits were collected from wells in the eastern Gulf of Mexico for U-Pb detrital zircon provenance analysis. Norphlet Formation samples in southwestern Alabama are characterized by detrital zircon ages forming two dominant populations: (1) 265–480 Ma, associated with Paleozoic Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian orogenic events of eastern Laurentia, and (2) 950–1250 Ma, associated with the Grenville orogenies of eastern Laurentia. These detrital zircon ages indicate derivation from Laurentian and Laurentian-affinity sources, including erosion of Paleozoic strata of the remnant Alleghanian fold-and-thrust belt and Black Warrior foreland basin, as well as Laurentian cratonic rocks exposed in remnant Appalachian orogenic highlands and eastern Gulf of Mexico rift-related horst blocks. In contrast, Norphlet Formation samples from the offshore Destin Dome exhibit a major population of 540–650 Ma zircon grains, along with a small population of 1900–2200 Ma zircon grains; these ages are interpreted to indicate contribution of sediment to the Norphlet erg from peri-Gondwanan terranes sutured to eastern Laurentian, as well as from the Gondwanan Suwannee terrane, which remained attached to North America after the rifting of Pangea. Samples from south-central Alabama yield subequal proportions of four major age populations: 250–500 Ma, 520–650 Ma, 900–1400 Ma, and 1950–2250 Ma. These ages indicate sediment was sourced by both Laurentian/Laurentian-affinity and Gondwanan/Gondwanan-affinity rocks, either through a combination of these rocks in the source area, or intrabasinal mixing of Laurentian/Laurentian-affinity sediment with Gondwanan/Gondwanan-affinity sediment. Detrital zircon provenance data from the overlying Haynesville Formation clastics of the Destin Dome offshore federal lease block also show the signature of Gondwanan/Gondwanan-affinity sediment input into the eastern Gulf of Mexico, suggesting that paleotopography affecting Norphlet Formation deposition persisted throughout much of the Late Jurassic. However, samples from the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation synorogenic fill of the Black Warrior Basin and Middle Cretaceous Rodessa Formation marginal marine sandstone lack evidence for any significant contribution of Gondwanan or Gondwanan-affinity detritus to the basin, indicating that transport of Gondwanan/Gondwanan-affinity zircon to the eastern Gulf of Mexico was due to early Mesozoic uplift, erosion, and/or paleodrainage pattern development. These results, along with previously reported detrital zircon provenance of Triassic and Jurassic sandstone of the southern United States, suggest that early Mesozoic sediment supply in southern North America was closely associated with erosion of Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan crust docked along the Suwannee-Wiggins suture, which likely extended westward from the Suwannee terrane to the Yucatan-Campeche terrane; much of this Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan crust remained docked along the Suwannee-Wiggins suture after the rifting of Pangea and prior to opening of the Gulf of Mexico.
Characterization of Shale Cap-Rock Nano-Pores in Geologic CO 2 Containment
Sponge-microbial mound facies in Mississippian Tuscumbia Limestone, Walker County, Alabama
Data from thousands of coalbed methane wells, conventional oil and gas wells, and five regional seismic-reflection profiles show evidence of relationships among multiple extensional events and Appalachian thrusting in the area of the Alabama Promontory and Black Warrior Basin. The oldest extensional event is of late Precambrian to early Middle Cambrian age, associated with Iapetan rifting. Along the southeastern margin of the promontory, in the northeastern part of the Birmingham graben system, a fill sequence older than the Rome Formation (Early Cambrian) is inferred. Normal faults along both sides of the promontory were active from Early Cambrian to early Middle Cambrian, as indicated by expanded hangingwall sections of the Rome and Conasauga Formations. In the Black Warrior Basin, some basement-involved normal faults were active during deposition of the Ketona and Knox carbonates (Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician). Middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician extension coincided with the inception and opening of the Rheic Ocean. Small amounts of growth occurred on some normal faults and on folds at the leading edge of the Appalachians during deposition of the Pottsville Formation (early Pennsylvanian, Morrowan). Major thin-skinned and basement-involved normal faulting occurred in the Black Warrior Basin after deposition of the preserved Pottsville section, probably during Atokan time. The extensional thin-skinned detachments are in or at the base of the Pottsville Formation and the top of the Conasauga Formation. Major Appalachian thrusting occurred after the main episode of normal faulting, perhaps during the late Pennsylvanian.
Interactions between the southern Appalachian–Ouachita orogenic belt and basement faults in the orogenic footwall and foreland
Basement faults in the southern Appalachian–Ouachita footwall and foreland include crustal-scale rift and transform elements of the late Proterozoic–Cambrian Iapetan rifted margin of southern Laurentia, synrift intracratonic basement fault systems in rift-parallel and transform-parallel orientations, and down-to-basin basement faults in late Paleozoic foreland basins. Late Paleozoic emplacement of allochthons accommodated a sinuous trace, mimicking the embayments and promontories of the Iapetan continental margin. Late Paleozoic tectonic loading reactivated synrift intracratonic faults, and either reactivated or initiated down-to-basin fault systems in foreland basins. Basement faults in the orogenic footwall localized thin-skinned thrust ramps, demonstrating interplay of causes and effects in the interactions between basement faults and the southern Appalachian–Ouachita orogen.
Gravity monitoring of C O 2 movement during sequestration: Model studies
In-situ stress and coal bed methane potential in Western Canada
A Late Mississippian back-barrier marsh ecosystem in the Black Warrior and Appalachian Basins
An outcrop of the Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone in north-central Alabama preserves in situ, erect cormose lycopsids, assigned to Hartsellea dowensis gen. and sp. nov., in association with a low diversity bivalve assemblage dominated by Edmondia . The isoetalean lycopsids are rooted in a silty claystone in which the bivalve assemblage occurs, representing the transition from tidal flat and tidal channel regime into a poorly developed inceptisol. Two paleosols are preserved in the sequence and each is overlain by a fine-grained quartz arenite, responsible for casting aerial stems and cor-mose bases of the entombed plants. The massive quartz arenites are in sharp contact with interpreted O-horizons of the paleosol, and the lower sandstone displays a lobate geometry. The plant assemblages are interpreted as back-barrier marshes, the first unequivocal marshlands in the stratigraphic record, preserved by overwash processes associated with intense storm surges in a Transgressive Systems Tract. A sample suite curated in the National Museum of Natural History, collected by David White at the turn of the last century in the Greenbrier Limestone of West Virginia, preserves rooting structures, leaves and sporophylls, and sporangia and megaspores of H. downensis in a mixed carbonate mud (micrite). The presence of isoetalean lycopsids in both siliciclastic and carbonate peritidal environments within nearshore shelf settings of the Early Carboniferous indicates that adaptation to periodic brackish water, if not tolerance to infrequent fully marine-water inundation during storm surges, had evolved in these marsh plants by the late Paleozoic.