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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
East Africa
-
Kenya (1)
-
Sudan (1)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Tanganyika (1)
-
-
Madagascar (1)
-
North Africa
-
Atlas Mountains
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Egypt
-
Aswan Dam (1)
-
Nile Delta (1)
-
-
Morocco
-
Moroccan Atlas Mountains
-
Anti-Atlas (1)
-
-
-
Tunisia (1)
-
-
Southern Africa
-
Kaapvaal Craton (1)
-
South Africa
-
Cape fold belt (1)
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (1)
-
-
-
-
Antarctica
-
Antarctic ice sheet (1)
-
Victoria Land
-
McMurdo dry valleys
-
Lake Fryxell (1)
-
-
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Norwegian Sea (1)
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Greenland ice sheet (1)
-
West Greenland (1)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen
-
Spitsbergen Island
-
Hornsund (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Russian Federation (1)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Anhui China (2)
-
Guangxi China
-
Guilin (1)
-
-
Guizhou China (2)
-
Hebei China (1)
-
Heilongjiang China
-
Daqing Field (1)
-
-
Hubei China
-
Wuhan China (1)
-
Yichang China (1)
-
-
Inner Mongolia China (1)
-
Meishan China (1)
-
North China Plain (1)
-
Sichuan Basin (1)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar Basin (1)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
Yangtze River (1)
-
Yangtze Three Gorges (2)
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Yunnan China
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Chengjiang China (1)
-
-
Zhejiang China
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Changxing China (1)
-
-
-
Japan
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Honshu
-
Toyama Japan (1)
-
-
Ryukyu Islands (1)
-
-
Philippine Islands
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Palawan (1)
-
-
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Himalayas
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
India
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Andhra Pradesh India
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Rajahmundry India (1)
-
-
Gujarat India
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Kutch India (1)
-
-
Karnataka India (1)
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Madhya Pradesh India
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Chhindwara India (1)
-
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Northeastern India
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Meghalaya India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India (1)
-
-
Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu (1)
-
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
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Kyrgyzstan (1)
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Lake Baikal (2)
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Middle East
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Cyprus (1)
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Iran
-
Elburz (1)
-
-
Israel (1)
-
Turkey (1)
-
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Okhotsk region (1)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
Russian Far East (1)
-
Sayan (1)
-
Siberia (3)
-
Siberian Platform (2)
-
Tajikistan (1)
-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
-
Uzbekistan (1)
-
West Siberia (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Verkhoyansk Range (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
East Atlantic (1)
-
Equatorial Atlantic (1)
-
North Atlantic
-
Caribbean Sea
-
Venezuelan Basin (1)
-
-
Gulf of Mexico
-
Garden Banks (1)
-
-
Irish Sea (1)
-
Northwest Atlantic
-
Demerara Rise (1)
-
-
-
South Atlantic
-
Walvis Ridge (2)
-
-
West Atlantic (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Canary Islands
-
Hierro (1)
-
-
Faeroe Islands (1)
-
Madeira (1)
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Darling Basin (1)
-
New South Wales Australia (2)
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
South Australia
-
Lake Eyre (1)
-
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
Western Australia (1)
-
-
New Zealand
-
Lake Taupo (1)
-
Otago New Zealand (1)
-
Taupo volcanic zone (1)
-
Waiotapu New Zealand (1)
-
-
-
Barton Springs (1)
-
Canada
-
Arctic Archipelago (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
-
Nova Scotia (1)
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland (2)
-
-
Ontario
-
Bruce County Ontario (1)
-
Essex County Ontario (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Saguenay County Quebec (1)
-
-
-
Nunavut
-
Ellesmere Island (2)
-
-
Queen Elizabeth Islands
-
Ellesmere Island (2)
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Jasper National Park (1)
-
-
British Columbia
-
Queen Charlotte Islands (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
Manitoba
-
Churchill Manitoba (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Saint Vincent (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cascade Range (2)
-
Caspian Basin (1)
-
Central America
-
Costa Rica (1)
-
-
Chicxulub Crater (3)
-
Colorado River (1)
-
Colorado River basin (1)
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Kazakhstan (1)
-
Kyrgyzstan (1)
-
Russian Federation
-
Altai Russian Federation (1)
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Onega Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Komi Russian Federation
-
Pechora Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Lake Baikal (2)
-
Northern Urals (1)
-
Novosibirsk Russian Federation (1)
-
Okhotsk region (1)
-
Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (1)
-
Russian Far East (1)
-
Siberian Platform (2)
-
Timan-Pechora region (1)
-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
-
Yakutia Russian Federation
-
Verkhoyansk Range (1)
-
-
-
Tajikistan (1)
-
Ukraine
-
Boltyshka Depression (1)
-
-
Urals
-
Northern Urals (1)
-
-
Uzbekistan (1)
-
West Siberia (1)
-
-
Davis Strait (1)
-
Denmark Strait (1)
-
East Pacific Ocean Islands
-
Galapagos Islands (1)
-
-
Eurasia (1)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Eastern Alps
-
Carnic Alps (1)
-
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
-
Arkhangelsk Russian Federation
-
Onega Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Carpathians
-
Beskid Mountains (1)
-
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Carinthia Austria (1)
-
-
Beskid Mountains (1)
-
Czech Republic
-
Bohemia (1)
-
-
Germany
-
Bavaria Germany (1)
-
-
Poland
-
Cracow Poland (1)
-
Malopolskie Poland (1)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
Valais Switzerland
-
Haut Glacier d'Arolla (1)
-
-
Zurich Switzerland (2)
-
-
-
Jutland (1)
-
Komi Russian Federation
-
Pechora Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Lusatia (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Balkan Mountains (1)
-
Bulgaria (1)
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Huelva Spain (1)
-
-
Asturias Spain (1)
-
Basque Provinces Spain
-
Alava Spain (1)
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy (1)
-
Marches Italy (1)
-
Sicily Italy (1)
-
Tuscany Italy (1)
-
Umbria Italy
-
Perugia Italy
-
Gubbio Italy (2)
-
-
-
Veneto Italy
-
Venice Italy
-
Venice Lagoon (1)
-
-
-
-
Malta (1)
-
-
Timan-Pechora region (1)
-
Ukraine
-
Boltyshka Depression (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
France
-
Saone-et-Loire France
-
Autun France (1)
-
-
-
Iceland
-
Laki (1)
-
-
Ireland (1)
-
Netherlands (2)
-
Scandinavia
-
Denmark (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
-
Great Britain
-
England
-
Derbyshire England (1)
-
Shropshire England (1)
-
-
Scotland
-
Highland region Scotland (1)
-
-
Wales
-
Merionethshire Wales (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Grand Canyon (1)
-
Indian Ocean
-
Arabian Sea
-
Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
-
Indian Ocean Islands
-
Madagascar (1)
-
-
Krishna-Godavari Basin (1)
-
Lake Bonney (1)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mediterranean Sea (2)
-
Mexico
-
Baja California (1)
-
Chihuahua Mexico (1)
-
Oaxaca Mexico (2)
-
Sonora Mexico (1)
-
Tamaulipas Mexico
-
Arroyo El Mimbral (1)
-
-
-
Midland Valley (1)
-
Murray Basin (1)
-
North America
-
Appalachian Basin (1)
-
Appalachians
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
-
Great Appalachian Valley (1)
-
Valley and Ridge Province (1)
-
-
Basin and Range Province (1)
-
Great Lakes
-
Lake Ontario (1)
-
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Rocky Mountains
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains (3)
-
-
Saint Lawrence Valley (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (1)
-
Western Interior
-
Western Interior Seaway (2)
-
-
Williston Basin (1)
-
-
North Island (4)
-
North Slope (1)
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia
-
New Caledonia (1)
-
Vanuatu (1)
-
-
Polynesia
-
Tonga (1)
-
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
East Pacific
-
Cocos Ridge (1)
-
Galapagos Rift (1)
-
Northeast Pacific (3)
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Lau Basin (1)
-
-
-
North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific (3)
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
-
-
South Pacific
-
Southeast Pacific
-
Lau Basin (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
West Pacific
-
Northwest Pacific
-
East China Sea (1)
-
Shatsky Rise (1)
-
-
Southwest Pacific
-
Coral Sea
-
Great Barrier Reef (1)
-
-
-
-
-
polar regions (1)
-
Prince of Wales Island (1)
-
Raton Basin (1)
-
Red Dog Mine (1)
-
Sacramento Mountains (1)
-
Simpson Desert (1)
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South America
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Amazon Basin (1)
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Andes (1)
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Argentina (1)
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Bolivia (1)
-
Brazil
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Minas Gerais Brazil (1)
-
-
Ecuador (1)
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Venezuela
-
Anzoategui Venezuela (1)
-
Monagas Venezuela (1)
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Sucre Venezuela
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Gulf of Cariaco (1)
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Paria Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
-
South Island (2)
-
Southern Alps (1)
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Southern Ocean (1)
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Southwest Indian Ridge (1)
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Taylor Valley (1)
-
United States
-
Alaska
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Colville River delta (1)
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Prince William Sound (1)
-
-
Arizona (1)
-
Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
-
Blue Ridge Mountains (1)
-
California
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Alameda County California (1)
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Contra Costa County California (1)
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Mendocino County California (1)
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Monterey Bay (1)
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Santa Barbara County California (1)
-
-
Eastern U.S.
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Southeastern U.S. (1)
-
-
Florida
-
Florida Keys
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Key Largo (1)
-
-
Monroe County Florida
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Key Largo (1)
-
-
-
Kansas
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Dickinson County Kansas (1)
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Marion County Kansas (1)
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Sedgwick County Kansas (1)
-
-
Kentucky (1)
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Louisiana (1)
-
Maryland
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Anne Arundel County Maryland (1)
-
-
Michigan
-
Michigan Upper Peninsula
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Keweenaw Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Missouri
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Lawrence County Missouri (1)
-
-
Montana
-
Garfield County Montana (1)
-
-
Nebraska (1)
-
Nevada
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Clark County Nevada (1)
-
-
New Mexico
-
Chaves County New Mexico (1)
-
De Baca County New Mexico (1)
-
Eddy County New Mexico (1)
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Guadalupe County New Mexico (1)
-
-
Ohio
-
Sandusky River basin (1)
-
Summit County Ohio (1)
-
-
Oregon
-
Lincoln County Oregon (1)
-
-
Ozark Mountains (1)
-
Pecos River (1)
-
Pecos River valley (1)
-
Shenandoah Valley (1)
-
South Carolina
-
Charleston County South Carolina (1)
-
Santee River (1)
-
-
Tennessee
-
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1)
-
-
Texas
-
Balcones fault zone (1)
-
Bell County Texas (1)
-
Brazos River (1)
-
Edwards Aquifer (3)
-
Edwards Plateau (1)
-
Fort Worth Basin (1)
-
Trinity Aquifer (1)
-
Wise County Texas (1)
-
-
Utah (1)
-
Virgin River valley (1)
-
Virginia
-
Rockbridge County Virginia (1)
-
Shenandoah County Virginia (1)
-
-
Washington
-
Pierce County Washington
-
Mount Rainier (1)
-
-
Skamania County Washington
-
Mount Saint Helens (1)
-
-
Toutle River (1)
-
-
West Virginia (2)
-
Wisconsin (1)
-
Wyoming
-
Albany County Wyoming (1)
-
Hanna Basin (1)
-
Teapot Dome (1)
-
-
-
West Pacific Ocean Islands
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Loyalty Islands (1)
-
-
Windward Islands (1)
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Yucatan Peninsula (1)
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Zealandia (1)
-
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commodities
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aggregate (2)
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barite deposits (1)
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ceramic materials (1)
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coal deposits (1)
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metal ores
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arsenic ores (1)
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base metals (1)
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gold ores (1)
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iron ores (1)
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lead ores (1)
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mercury ores (1)
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polymetallic ores (1)
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silver ores (1)
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zinc ores (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (5)
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mineral exploration (4)
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mineral resources (2)
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oil and gas fields (2)
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petroleum
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natural gas
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shale gas (1)
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-
-
phosphate deposits (1)
-
water resources (6)
-
-
elements, isotopes
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boron (1)
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (15)
-
C-14 (6)
-
organic carbon (12)
-
-
chemical elements (1)
-
chemical ratios (3)
-
halogens
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bromine
-
bromide ion (4)
-
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (1)
-
-
isotope ratios (21)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Be-10 (1)
-
C-14 (6)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (15)
-
D/H (1)
-
N-15/N-14 (3)
-
O-17/O-16 (1)
-
O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (9)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
S-34/S-32 (1)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
metals
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actinides
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thorium (1)
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uranium (1)
-
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alkaline earth metals
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beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
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calcium (2)
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magnesium (1)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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aluminum (1)
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arsenic (3)
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gold (1)
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iron
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ferric iron (2)
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lead
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
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Pb-210 (1)
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manganese (2)
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mercury (3)
-
platinum group
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iridium (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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rare earths
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scandium (1)
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (2)
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titanium (1)
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vanadium (1)
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zinc (2)
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nitrogen
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N-15/N-14 (3)
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noble gases
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argon (1)
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helium (1)
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neon (1)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-17/O-16 (1)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (9)
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phosphorus (2)
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silicon (1)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (1)
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fossils
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Archaea (1)
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bacteria
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coliform bacteria
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Escherichia
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Escherichia coli (2)
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borings (1)
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burrows (7)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Agnatha
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Pisces (9)
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia
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Aves (2)
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Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Rodentia (1)
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Reptilia (3)
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coprolites (1)
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eukaryotes (7)
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fungi (4)
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Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Malacostraca
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Amphipoda (1)
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Ostracoda (5)
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Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
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Trichoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Myriapoda (1)
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita (4)
-
-
-
Brachiopoda (6)
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Bryozoa (3)
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Cnidaria
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Anthozoa (4)
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Crinoidea (3)
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Mollusca
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Paleozoic
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
biota
A new exceptionally preserved fauna from a lowest Silurian black shale: Insights into the recovery of deep-water ecosystems after the Late Ordovician mass extinction Available to Purchase
Body-size reductions in dacryoconarid tentaculitoids during Late Devonian warming Open Access
Unveiling an ignored taphonomic window in the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota Available to Purchase
Stratigraphic and U-Pb zircon age constraints on the timing of the Yanliao Biota in northern China Available to Purchase
Empirical record, geochronology and theoretical determinates of Mesozoic climate in the Junggar Basin, NW China, in relation to other basins in NE China Available to Purchase
Abstract Mesozoic continental basins of northern China, including the Junggar Basin, provide some of the most spectacular and important fossil assemblages in the world, but their climatic and environmental contexts have been shrouded in uncertainty. Here we examine the main factors that determine those contexts: palaeolatitude; the effects of changing atmospheric gases on the radiative balance; and orbitally paced variations in insolation. Empirical evidence of these factors is accumulating rapidly and promises to upend many long-standing paradigms. We focus primarily on the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, NW China, with the renowned Shishugou Biota, and the basins in Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia with their famous Jehol and Yanliao biotas. Accurate geochronology is necessary to disentangle these various factors, and we review the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous U–Pb ages for these areas and supply a new laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry age for the otherwise un-dated Sangonghe Formation of Early Jurassic age. We review climate-sensitive facies patterns in North China and show that the climatic context changed synchronously in northwestern and northeastern China consistent with a previously proposed huge Late Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous true polar wander event, with all the major plates of East Asia docked with Siberia and moving together since at least the Triassic when the North China basins were at Arctic latitudes. We conclude that this true polar wander shift was responsible for the coal beds and ice-rafted debris being produced at high latitudes and the red beds and aeolian strata being deposited at low latitudes within the same basin. The climatic and taphonomic context in which the famous Shishugou, Yanliao and Jehol biotas were preserved was thus a function of true polar wander, as opposed to local tectonics or climate change.
U–Pb zircon–rutile dating of the Llangynog Inlier, Wales: constraints on an Ediacaran shallow-marine fossil assemblage from East Avalonia Available to Purchase
Age of the basal ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ Stonehaven Group of Scotland: the oldest reported air-breathing land animal is Silurian (late Wenlock) in age Open Access
Mitigation of Mining Effects on the Environment Available to Purchase
Whole Earth Controls on the Evolution of Life Free
A journey through the Ordovician System around the world Free
Abstract The Ordovician was a key period in the biological and geological history of the Earth. ‘A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System’ is presented in two volumes of The Geological Society, Special Publications series. The first volume (SP532) covers general aspects of the Ordovician and also includes the syntheses of the Ordovician successions of Europe. To provide a comprehensive global overview, this second volume (SP533) represents a journey through the Ordovician System around the world. Reviews of the Ordovician of North America include syntheses of Alaska, Greenland, Canada, the USA and Mexico, whereas the South American Ordovician is summarized in a specific chapter related to Argentina and neighbouring countries. The Ordovician System of Africa is presented in chapters covering the north and the south of the continent where significant Ordovician successions occur. Australia and New Zealand, as well as Antarctica, are visited in separate chapters. Asia provides the most complex Ordovician successions that are reviewed in chapters covering Turkey and the Levant region, the Middle East, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, India, SE Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. Our journey covers a great number of locations but, with many successions still to be fully described, our knowledge of the Ordovician of the world remains incomplete.
Ordovician geology of Alaska Available to Purchase
Abstract Ordovician rocks, found in northern, east-central, interior and southern Alaska, formed in a variety of depositional and palaeogeographic settings. Shallow- and deep-water strata deposited along the northwestern Laurentian margin occur in east-central Alaska (Yukon River area) and probably correlative rocks crop out to the north in the Porcupine River area. Ordovician strata elsewhere in Alaska are parts of continental or island arc fragments that, as indicated by faunal and detrital zircon data, have been variously displaced. In northern Alaska, Ordovician rocks are included in the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka Microplate (AACM), a composite tectonic entity with a complex history. Some Ordovician strata in the AACM (parts of the North Slope subterrane) represent displaced fragments of the northern Laurentian margin. Coeval strata in southwestern parts of the AACM (York and Seward terranes, Hammond subterrane) share distinctive lithologic and biotic features with Ordovician rocks in interior Alaska (Farewell and related terranes). Ordovician strata in southeastern Alaska (Alexander terrane) also likely compose a composite crustal fragment that accumulated in a complex arc system. Shared features between many of these units suggest similar origins as part of one or more crustal fragments situated in the palaeo-Arctic between Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia during early Paleozoic time.
The Ordovician System in Greenland Available to Purchase
Abstract Ordovician strata in Greenland are extensively exposed in North Greenland and northern East Greenland; additional small traces (loose blocks) are recorded from the craton of West Greenland. The western North Greenland succession is nearly identical to that of the Franklinian Basin exposed on Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada; the eastern North Greenland represents the (present) northeastern corner of Laurentia and provides the connection to the East Greenland Caledonian platform. The northern East Greenland succession is the natural northern extension of the Caledonian platform of northern Europe and the Appalachian platform of eastern North America. During the Ordovician Greenland occupied a palaeogeographical subtropical to tropical position with a faunal assemblage typical of Laurentia. A prominent faunal peak of diversification occurred in the Late Ordovician. The stratigraphical succession of Greenland is summarized and age relationships are discussed with reference to the fossil faunas and breaks in the successions and correlation between the locations and regions are provided.
Ordovician stratigraphy and biota of Mexico Available to Purchase
Abstract In Mexico, Ordovician sedimentary rocks are exposed in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua and Oaxaca, comprising approximately 30 stratigraphic successions ranging from Lower to Upper Ordovician. The ages of the sequences have been established primarily by utilizing conodonts and graptolites, which have also allowed us to differentiate between platform and oceanic basin environments. The State of Sonora has the most complete Ordovician stratigraphic sequences, ranging from Tremadocian to Hirnantian. The deposits in Baja California are Floian in age, while the sequences of Chihuahua range from Sandbian to Katian, and the deposits in Oaxaca are Tremadocian. The Ordovician deposits of northern Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua) present a palaeogeographic relationship to the North American craton, mainly owing to faunal interspecific affinities, while the southern deposits (Oaxaca) are controversial owing to the high degree of endemism of the faunas; however, they show affinity with Gondwana, Baltica and Avalonia, with a possible insular origin. The biotic assemblages of the Ordovician of Mexico include a variety of taxa, including algae, poriferans, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, molluscs, trilobites, echinoderms, graptolites and conodonts as predominant elements. Despite many years of field studies in Mexican Ordovician localities, biostratigraphic correlations are as yet insufficient and incomplete or are based on limited interpretations. Thus, the Ordovician biostratigraphic data from Mexico compiled in the present paper have great potential and significant value. The advancement in the knowledge of the Ordovician biostratigraphy of Mexico will contribute to a major understanding of the relationships with the Ordovician System to a continental scale. Future advances will come mainly through increasing the amount and quality of data as well as improving biocorrelations among the Ordovician sequences of Mexico.
The Ordovician System of South Africa: a review Available to Purchase
Abstract Outcrops of the Ordovician System in South Africa are extensive; they cover significant portions of the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces as part of the Cape Fold Belt as well as the KwaZulu-Natal Province as supracrustal cover overlying the Natal sector of the Paleoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal metamorphic province. Within the Cape Fold Belt, Ordovician rocks of the Table Mountain Group (Piekenierskloof, Graafwater, Peninsula, Pakhuis and Cedarberg formations as well as the enigmatic Sardinia Bay Formation) outcrop extensively whilst pre-Cape rocks of the Kansa Group (Vaartwell, Uitvlug, Gezwinds Kraal and Schoongezigt formations) and Schoemanspoort Formation are present within the Kango Inlier encapsulated by the fold belt. The Natal Group (Durban and Mariannhill formations) is entirely located within KwaZulu-Natal. For the most part, these metasiliciclastic rocks are markedly unfossiliferous except for the world class fossil deposits of the Cedarberg Formation and important trace fossil sites in the Graafwater, Peninsula and Pakhuis formations. The lack of palaeontological material and other accurate geochronological proxies in these successions (as well as those of the Kansa and Natal groups and Schoemanspoort Formation) makes estimations of relative age constraints tenuous at best and difficult to correlate with global Ordovician chronostratigraphic frameworks. Regardless of the challenges faced in correlating these rocks within global frameworks, these rocks provide a unique low latitude glimpse into Earth surface processes and the feedback loops that ensued within the biological realm along the southern margin of Gondwana.
The Ordovician of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) Available to Purchase
Abstract The region of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan includes five first-order tectonic units with an Early Paleozsoic sedimentary record, comprising North Tien Shan, Karatau Naryn, Turkestan–Alai, Zeravshan–Hissar and the Central Pamirs. Available palaeobiogeographical and palaeomagnetic data suggest that these were widely dispersed in the Ordovician. North Tien Shan, Karatau Naryn, Turkestan–Alai were separate microcontinents located in the low southern latitudes throughout the Ordovician in relative proximity to the western Gondwana margin. Zeravshan–Hissar and the Central Pamirs were also parts of the Gondwana supercontinent but were located in temperate latitudes. The geological literature on the Ordovician of the region is assessed to provide an updated palaeontological record, outline of lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphic correlation based on the International Chronostratigraphic Chart. The Ordovician biostratigraphy of Central Asia is mainly graptolite-based; however, that record is discontinuous, and the absence of detailed faunal logs and lack of monographic studies causes difficulty in precisely locating system and stage boundaries. Although an extensive faunal record has been documented, often it is based on preliminary taxonomical identifications which are not reliable for high-resolution biostratigraphy and tracing biodiversity patterns.
Regional synthesis of the Ordovician geology and stratigraphy of China Available to Purchase
Abstract China presently comprises several independent tectonic palaeoplates or terranes and parts of other blocks, which have been assembled over geological time. In the Ordovician, these blocks included South China, North China, Tarim, Qaidam, Junggar, Qiangtang-Qamdo, Lhasa and partially Himalaya, Sibumasu and Indochina, as well as the Altay-Xing'an and Songpan-Garze fold belts, which were discrete but near-adjacent. Twelve stratigraphic megaregions bounded by tectonic sutures or major fault zones can be recognized. Some of them are further differentiated into several regions according to the lithological and biotic facies or distinct stratigraphic sequences. Here, the palaeontologic features and biostratigraphic framework of these stratigraphic megaregions and regions are summarized. The unified biostratigraphic framework presented herein is supported by 33 graptolite biozones and 27 conodont biozones, together with supplementary biozones, communities or associations of brachiopods, trilobites, cephalopods, chitinozoans, acritarchs and radiolarians. With constraints of integrative chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, along with some geochronologic data, our understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of the Ordovician lithostratigraphic units on these major blocks has been significantly advanced. Vast amounts of new data accumulated in recent decades also constrain the major Ordovician geological and biotic events evident in China, such as marine anoxia, faunal turnovers and tectonic orogenies.
Abstract The Ordovician was a key period in the biological and geological history of the planet. ‘A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System’ is presented in two volumes of The Geological Society, Special Publications . This first volume (SP532) charts the history of the Ordovician System and explores significant advances in our understanding of the period's biostratigraphy, including more precise calibration of its timescale with tephra chronology and regional alignments using astrochronology and cyclostratigraphy. Changes in the world's oceans, their shifting currents and sea levels, the biogeography of their biotas and the ambient climate are described and discussed against a background of changing palaeogeography. This first volume also includes syntheses of Ordovician geology of most European countries, including historical key areas, such as the British Isles, Baltoscandia and Bohemia.
A short history of the Ordovician System: from overlapping unit stratotypes to global stratotype sections and points Open Access
Abstract The Ordovician System was introduced by Charles Lapworth as a solution to the overlapping unit stratotypes loosely defined by Adam Sedgwick, for the Cambrian, and Roderick Murchison, for the Silurian. The Ordovician has emerged as one of the longest and most significant of the geological periods. Following an interval of intensive research of all the key regions of the globe, unit stratotypes in the type areas of England and Wales have been replaced by seven global stages and three series based on Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs), enhancing the definition of these chronostratigraphic units and facilitating global correlation. As a consequence, the biological and geological events during the period can be recognized and the magnitude and significance of biotic originations and extinctions understood with some confidence.
Collapse of terrestrial ecosystems linked to heavy metal poisoning during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event Available to Purchase
The Miocene World: A Brief Summary Available to Purchase
This paper presents a brief synopsis of the Miocene Epoch, an important transitory chapter in the history of the Earth. It was during the Miocene that the major continents and oceans attained a “modern” configuration in terms of paleogeography and tectonics, oceanic ventilation and circulation, ocean chemistry, and faunal and floral assemblages. It also was during the Miocene that global climate fully transitioned into its current icehouse state, including marked growth of the Antarctic ice sheet and initiation of the Arctic ice cap. Long-term global cooling was controlled by a number of factors including tectonics, the large-scale changes in the distribution of flora, particularly the expansion of grasslands, and by fluctuating orbital parameters of the Earth. This global cooling trend was briefly interrupted by a short period of warming in the middle Miocene. Miocene sea-level changes consisted of a number of glacio-eustatic third-order (1–5 million year [m.y.] duration) cycles superposed upon three longer-term, second-order (5–20 m.y. duration) supercycles. Development of large-scale tropical carbonate systems in the Miocene was relegated to three main geographic regions: the circum-Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Indo-Pacific. In addition, a pronounced cool-water platform system developed along the southern margin of Australia. Miocene reefal buildups were dominated by tropical to subtropical framework assemblages consisting primarily of large scleractinian corals, encrusting red algae, and rhodoliths (free-living coralline red algae) that grew on platform margins and interiors or on isolated atolls. Miocene carbonates were deposited in a variety of oceanic and structural settings and constitute important petroleum reservoirs, particularly in Southeast Asia. Deep-water terrigenous clastic sediments of Miocene age are also important petroleum reservoirs in some regions. In addition, the Miocene interval contains numerous prolific petroleum source rocks, most composed of Type III (gas-prone) kerogen.