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Strongly peraluminous granites provide independent evidence for an increase in biomass burial across the Precambrian–Phanerozoic boundary
Constraining the elemental stoichiometry of early marine life
Impact of Biogenic Magnetite Formation and Transformation on Biogeochemical Cycles
The Vigor, Futility, and Application of Microbial Element Cycles in Alkaline Soda Lakes
DEEP TIME BIOGEOMORPHOLOGY: THE CO-EVOLUTION OF LIFE AND SEDIMENTS
ABSTRACT Formation of the Central European tektites, known as moldavites, has been associated with a large meteorite impact in southern Germany 14.8 m.y. ago. The geochemical link between moldavites and their source materials, and the processes of their possible chemical differentiation still remain uncertain. Some differences in chemical composition between moldavites and sediments of corresponding age from the surroundings of the Ries crater could be explained by a hypothesis according to which biomass covering the pre-impact area contributed to the source materials. In a comparison of the geochemical compositions of a large representative set of moldavites and suitable Ries sediments, enrichment in elements K, Ca, Mg, and Mn and depletion of Na in moldavites, similar to redistribution of these elements during their transfer from soil to plants, could indicate the unconventional biogenic component in moldavite source materials. Simple mixing calculations of the most suitable Ries sediments and a model biogenic component represented by burned biomass residue are presented. The plausibility of the estimated biomass contribution considering reconstructions of the middle Miocene paleoenvironment in the pre-impact Ries area is discussed. No significant vapor fractionation is required to explain the observed variability of moldavite chemical composition.
Abstract The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) is marked by major palaeoenvironmental and palaeoceanographical changes on a global scale, associated with a severe disturbance of the global carbon cycle and organic-rich facies deposition. Here, a multiproxy approach (petrographic and geochemical techniques) was applied to the study of the organic content of the T-OAE of the Paris Basin, whose phytoplanktonic origin has been previously inferred by its geochemical signature. The top of the tenuicostatum Zone is characterized by palynomorphs and marine phytoplankton-derived amorphous organic matter (AOM), representing a proximal marine environment with emplacement of euxinic conditions at the top (total organic carbon/sulfur content and increase in AOM). At the base of the serpentinum Zone the proliferation of bacterial biomass begins, with phytoplankton playing a secondary role. This indicates the development of stagnant and restrictive conditions in a proximal environment, with water column stratification (neohop-13(18)-ene). The majority of the serpentinum Zone is dominated by bacterial biomass, suggesting a marine environment with bottom-water stagnation, possibly related to basin palaeogeomorphology and circulation patterns, with episodic euxinia. This therefore suggests that the T-OAE organic fraction is dominated by bacterial biomass, not phytoplankton, showing the importance of an integrated approach to the determination of the organic facies.
Abstract The organic-rich upper Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member (Ziliujing Formation) of the Sichuan Basin, China is the first stratigraphically well-constrained lacustrine succession associated with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE; c. 183 Ma). The expansion of the palaeo-Sichuan mega-lake, probably one of the most extensive freshwater systems to have existed on the planet, is marked by large-scale lacustrine organic productivity and carbon burial during the T-OAE, possibly owing to intensified hydrological cycling and nutrient supply. New molecular biomarker and organic petrographical analyses, combined with bulk organic and inorganic geochemical and palynological data, are presented here, providing insight into aquatic productivity, land-plant biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystem evolution in continental interiors during the T-OAE. We show that lacustrine algal growth during the T-OAE accounted for a significant organic-matter flux to the lakebed in the palaeo-Sichuan mega-lake. Lacustrine water-column stratification during the T-OAE facilitated the formation of dysoxic–anoxic conditions at the lake bottom, favouring organic-matter preservation and carbon sequestration into organic-rich black shales in the Sichuan Basin. We attribute the palaeo-Sichuan mega-lake expansion to enhanced hydrological cycling in a more vigorous monsoonal climate in the hinterland during the T-OAE greenhouse.
Biovolume Method for Foraminiferal Biomass Assessment: Evaluation of Geometric Models and Incorporation of Species Mean Cell Occupancy
Detecting human impacts: non-pollen palynomorphs as proxies for human impact on the environment
Abstract Non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) are widely used to detect human activities, in addition to the anthropogenic indicators used in palynology. This paper first tries to determine the best way to approach most probable number (MPN) counting for young scientists. It then looks at the anthropogenic indicators and the different types of human activity that can reveal the studied taxa. Among the different fungal spores, coprophilous fungi are very useful to evidence pastoral activities and grazing pressure. Numerous taxa related to dung are also indicators of decaying organic matter and deserve our attention. Erosion processes due to human activities increase the representation of fungal spores. Development of carbonicolous fungal spores in association with fire and algal assemblages due to eutrophication are also considered. Indeed, studies focusing on modern analogues have greatly improved our understanding of spore taphonomy, and the relationship between spore abundance and local livestock biomass and composition.
ABSTRACT We extend a published 9000 yr fire history record from Little Lake, in the Oregon Coast Range, to 35,000 yr and compare it with the established pollen record from the site. The fire history is based on a high-resolution analysis of charcoal preserved in lake sediments, providing a fire history record that spans the Last Glacial Maximum in North America. The data enabled us to address questions regarding the interactions between large-scale climate changes associated with the shift from glacial to interglacial conditions and the accompanying changes in forest vegetation and fire regimes. The vegetation history indicates a change from open subalpine forests to closed western hemlock and Douglas fir forests as climate moved from cold and dry full glacial to warm and wet Holocene conditions. The fire history indicates that although there was more biomass burned in the Holocene, the frequency of fires between glacial and interglacial conditions was not significantly different, and the fire frequency did not change in concert with regional shifts in vegetation. This suggests that fire is a product of seasonal or multiyear variations in climate that may not cause significant shifts in vegetation. Also, as this short-term climate variability becomes more common in the near future, conditions for fires in these mesic forests may become more common as well.
Organic geochemistry and petrology of Devonian shale in eastern Ohio: Implications for petroleum systems assessment
Abiotic and biotic processes that drive carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
ABSTRACT The latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) through earliest Paleogene (Danian) interval was a time marked by one of the five major mass extinctions in Earth’s history. The synthesis of published data permits the temporal correlation of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary crisis with two major geological events: (1) the Chicxulub impact, discovered in the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), and (2) eruption of the Deccan Traps large igneous province, located on the west-central Indian plateau. In this study, environmental and biological consequences from the Chicxulub impact and emplacement of the Deccan continental flood basalts were explored using a climate-carbon-biodiversity coupled model called the ECO-GEOCLIM model. The novelty of this study was investigation into the ways in which abiotic factors (temperature, pH, and calcite saturation state) acted on various marine organisms to determine the primary productivity and biodiversity changes in response to a drastic environmental change. Results showed that the combination of Deccan volcanism with a 10-km-diameter impactor would lead to global warming (3.5 °C) caused by rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration (+470 ppmv), interrupted by a succession of short-term cooling events, provided by a “shielding effect” due to the formation of sulfate aerosols. The consequences related to these climate changes were the decrease of the surface ocean pH by 0.2 (from 8.0 to 7.8), while the deep ocean pH dropped by 0.4 (from 7.8 to 7.4). Without requiring any additional perturbations, these environmental disturbances led to a drastic decrease of the biomass of calcifying species and their biodiversity by ~80%, while the biodiversity of noncalcifying species was reduced by ~60%. We also suggest that the short-lived acidification caused by the Chicxulub impact, when combined with eruption of the Deccan Traps, may explain the severity of the extinction among pelagic calcifying species.