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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Book Series
Date
Availability
Bayan Obo China
Mineralogical fingerprints of crustal silica contamination in the Bayan Obo carbonatite Available to Purchase
Cassiterite and Sn mineralization in the giant Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit, Northern China Available to Purchase
Translithospheric carbonatite magmatic system of the world’s largest REE deposit, Bayan Obo, China Available to Purchase
LEAD-LEAD DATING REVEALS PERMIAN REMOBILIZATION OF NIOBIUM MINERALIZATION AT BAYAN OBO Available to Purchase
Giant Rare Earth Element Accumulation Related to Voluminous, Highly Evolved Carbonatite: A Microanalytical Study of Carbonate Minerals From the Bayan Obo Deposit, China Available to Purchase
Reflection seismic imaging of subsurface geologic structures in the Bayan Obo mining area, China Available to Purchase
THE ROLE OF SCANDIUM CHLORIDE AND HYDROXIDE COMPLEXES IN THE FORMATION OF SCANDIUM DEPOSITS: INSIGHTS FROM EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING Available to Purchase
Large Si isotope fractionation reveals formation mechanism of quartz in silicon-poor carbonatite Available to Purchase
Resetting of the U-Pb and Th-Pb systems in altered bastnäsite: Insight from the behavior of Pb at nanoscale Available to Purchase
Crystallization of bastnäsite and burbankite from carbonatite melt in the system La(CO 3 )F-CaCO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 at 100 MPa Available to Purchase
Mineralization of the Bayan Obo Rare Earth Element Deposit by Recrystallization and Decarbonation Open Access
The Bayan Obo (China) giant REE accumulation conundrum elucidated by intense magmatic differentiation of carbonatite Open Access
The Economic Geology of Scandium, the Runt of the Rare Earth Element Litter Available to Purchase
Genesis of the world’s largest rare earth element deposit, Bayan Obo, China: Protracted mineralization evolution over ∼1 b.y. Available to Purchase
Responsible Sourcing of Critical Metals Open Access
Fluorcalciopyrochlore, a New Mineral Species from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, P.r. China Available to Purchase
Thermodynamics of bastnaesite: A major rare earth ore mineral Available to Purchase
Rare Earth Element Deposits in China Available to Purchase
Abstract China is the world’s leading rare earth element (REE) producer and hosts a variety of deposit types. Carbonatite-related REE deposits, the most significant deposit type, include two giant deposits presently being mined in China, Bayan Obo and Maoniuping, the first and third largest deposits of this type in the world, respectively. The carbonatite-related deposits host the majority of China’s REE resource and are the primary supplier of the world’s light REE. The REE-bearing clay deposits, or ion adsorption-type deposits, are second in importance and are the main source in China for heavy REE resources. Other REE resources include those within monazite or xenotime placers, beach placers, alkaline granites, pegmatites, and hydrothermal veins, as well as some additional deposit types in which REE are recovered as by-products. Carbonatite-related REE deposits in China occur along craton margins, both in rifts (e.g., Bayan Obo) and in reactivated transpressional margins (e.g., Maoniuping). They comprise those along the northern, eastern, and southern margins of the North China block, and along the western margin of the Yangtze block. Major structural features along the craton margins provide first-order controls for REE-related Proterozoic to Cenozoic carbonatite alkaline complexes; these are emplaced in continental margin rifts or strike-slip faults. The ion adsorption-type REE deposits, mainly situated in the South China block, are genetically linked to the weathering of granite and, less commonly, volcanic rocks and lamprophyres. Indosinian (early Mesozoic) and Yanshanian (late Mesozoic) granites are the most important parent rocks for these REE deposits, although Caledonian (early Paleozoic) granites are also of local importance. The primary REE enrichment is hosted in various mineral phases in the igneous rocks and, during the weathering process, the REE are released and adsorbed by clay minerals in the weathering profile. Currently, these REE-rich clays are primarily mined from open-pit operations in southern China. The complex geologic evolution of China’s Precambrian blocks, particularly the long-term subduction of ocean crust below the North and South China blocks, enabled recycling of REE-rich pelagic sediments into mantle lithosphere. This resulted in the REE-enriched nature of the mantle below the Precambrian cratons, which were reactivated and thus essentially decratonized during various tectonic episodes throughout the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. Deep fault zones within and along the edges of the blocks, including continental rifts and strike-slip faults, provided pathways for upwelling of mantle material.