Abstract The Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation accumulated up to 200 m of halite-dominated beds across Western Canada in a salt basin extending from northern Alberta southeastwards into southern Saskatchewan and western North Dakota. A 1000 km long salt dissolution trend along the eastern basin margin resulted in the removal of 100–150 m of halite–anhydrite beds. A second salt dissolution trend removed up to 200 m of section across southern Saskatchewan. The removal of the halite-dominated beds and the collapse of the overlying strata responded to regional aquifer and vertical water flows driven by compaction up-structure to the NE towards the eastern margins of the foreland Alberta and intracratonic Williston constituent basins of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Flows resulting in dissolution trends in the deepening Alberta foreland basin were responses to Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Columbian orogenic tectonism, in contrast with the multiple Paleozoic and Mesozoic dissolution stages across the southern Saskatchewan area of the northern Williston basin. Water flows along the Devonian Keg River strata migrated into the overlying Prairie Evaporite salt beds. The dissolution fronts advanced along multi-kilometre long NW- and NE-oriented sets of fault–fracture lineaments resulting from orogenic Precambrian block movements propagated into the overlying Devonian strata. The Athabasca Oil Sands accumulated above a 300 km long segment of the dissolution trend along the eastern margin of the evaporite basin. An unusually low 1:2 thickness ratio of removed salt beds to overlying strata resulted in significant structural controls on the deposition of the overlying Cretaceous McMurray Formation point bar complexes. Fluvial point bars up to 6 km long and tens of metres thick collinearly aligned along fairways tens of kilometres long, following the halite dissolution trends 200 m below. These sand reservoirs trapped Laramide oil migration into the area. Biodegradation followed, resulting in a trillion barrel resource. A final stage of salt removal occurred with the influx of subglacial meltwaters, rejuvenating 10 km 2 Cretaceous collapses across southern Saskatchewan.

Depending on the context and discipline, the terms ‘clays’ or ‘clay’ may be used in three different ways: as a particle-size term, as a mineral term, and as a rock term ( Moore, 1996 ). The field of oil-sands research makes no exception and various uses can be encountered in the literature, including terms such as ‘clay-sized minerals,’ ‘fine clays,’ ‘ultrafine clays’ (or ‘ultrafines’), ‘estuarine clay,’ ‘marine clay,’ etc. In this chapter, an overview is given of: (1) the nomenclature associated with clays and clay minerals; (2) the structure and crystal chemistry of phyllosilicates; and (3) the geology and clay mineralogy of oil sands.

Slurry colloidal and particle interaction theory is described and applied to clay mineral suspensions. Mechanisms which affect the colloidal properties of the dewatering behaviour of clay mineral suspensions are described, after which the processes of coagulation and flocculation are discussed. Finally, sedimentation and self-weight consolidation are discussed as the mechanisms by which a low-density slurry transitions to a high-density slurry or soil.