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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
Be-10 (1)
-
C-14 (13)
-
Cl-36 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
Th-230 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (34)
-
Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
-
D/H (6)
-
deuterium (3)
-
He-3 (5)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (4)
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
Ne-20 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (27)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium
-
Th-230 (1)
-
-
uranium (17)
-
-
alkali metals
-
cesium (1)
-
lithium (1)
-
potassium (9)
-
rubidium (2)
-
sodium (3)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (3)
-
beryllium
-
Be-10 (1)
-
-
calcium (4)
-
magnesium (3)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (27)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (1)
-
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (1)
-
cadmium (1)
-
cobalt (1)
-
copper (50)
-
gold (5)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (4)
-
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
-
manganese (10)
-
mercury (4)
-
molybdenum (6)
-
nickel (4)
-
niobium (3)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
-
-
precious metals (7)
-
rare earths
-
cerium (3)
-
europium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
-
yttrium (2)
-
-
rhenium (1)
-
silver (8)
-
tantalum (1)
-
thallium (1)
-
titanium (3)
-
tungsten (3)
-
vanadium (3)
-
zinc (8)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (5)
-
-
krypton
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-20 (1)
-
-
-
nonmetals (1)
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
-
tellurium (3)
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (3)
-
borings (1)
-
burrows (4)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata
-
Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii
-
Selachii (1)
-
-
Euselachii (1)
-
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Teleostei
-
Cypriniformes
-
Cyprinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Placodermi (1)
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amniota (1)
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (1)
-
-
Lepospondyli (2)
-
-
Mammalia
-
Theria
-
Eutheria
-
Artiodactyla (1)
-
Chiroptera (1)
-
Edentata (2)
-
Insectivora (1)
-
Lagomorpha
-
Leporidae (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Equus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Mammuthus (2)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia
-
Myomorpha
-
Cricetidae
-
Neotoma (4)
-
-
-
-
Ungulata (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
-
Archosauria
-
Crocodilia (1)
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia (1)
-
Saurischia
-
Sauropodomorpha
-
Prosauropoda (1)
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda (5)
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
Thecodontia
-
Aetosauria (1)
-
Phytosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
-
Squamata
-
Serpentes (1)
-
-
-
Trilophosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
-
Pelycosauria (1)
-
Therapsida (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
coprolites (5)
-
eukaryotes (3)
-
fungi (1)
-
ichnofossils
-
Eubrontes (1)
-
Grallator (2)
-
-
Invertebrata
-
Arthropoda
-
Chelicerata
-
Arachnida (1)
-
-
Mandibulata
-
Crustacea
-
Branchiopoda (1)
-
Ostracoda
-
Podocopida (1)
-
-
-
Insecta
-
Pterygota
-
Neoptera
-
Endopterygota
-
Coleoptera (1)
-
Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Ptychopariida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
-
Pentamerida (1)
-
Rhynchonellida (1)
-
Spiriferida (1)
-
Strophomenida (1)
-
-
-
Bryozoa (1)
-
Cnidaria
-
Anthozoa
-
Zoantharia
-
Rugosa (1)
-
-
-
Scyphozoa (1)
-
-
Echinodermata
-
Crinozoa
-
Blastoidea (1)
-
Crinoidea
-
Inadunata (1)
-
-
Eocrinoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
-
Edrioasteroidea (2)
-
Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
-
Bivalvia
-
Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (3)
-
-
Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae
-
Ostrea (1)
-
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Anthraconaia (1)
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
-
Nautiloidea
-
Nautilus (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Archaeogastropoda (2)
-
-
Polyplacophora (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Calcarea (2)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Endothyra (1)
-
Fusulinidae
-
Triticites (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bolivinitidae
-
Bolivina (1)
-
-
Uvigerinidae
-
Uvigerina (1)
-
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
-
Globigerina (1)
-
-
Rotalipora (1)
-
-
-
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
-
Vermes (1)
-
-
microfossils
-
Conodonta (6)
-
Fusulinina
-
Endothyra (1)
-
Fusulinidae
-
Triticites (1)
-
-
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (4)
-
Dinoflagellata (2)
-
miospores
-
pollen (7)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
diatoms (3)
-
nannofossils
-
Sphenolithus (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Pecopteris (1)
-
-
Lycopsida
-
Lepidodendron (1)
-
Stigmaria (1)
-
-
Sphenopsida
-
Equisetales
-
Calamites (1)
-
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae (4)
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales (2)
-
Pteridospermae (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (7)
-
-
thallophytes (7)
-
tracks (14)
-
trails (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (16)
-
Ar/Ar (40)
-
exposure age (2)
-
fission-track dating (15)
-
He/He (2)
-
K/Ar (28)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
optical mineralogy (2)
-
optically stimulated luminescence (3)
-
paleomagnetism (29)
-
Pb/Pb (5)
-
radiation damage (2)
-
Rb/Sr (10)
-
Re/Os (4)
-
Sm/Nd (3)
-
tephrochronology (5)
-
Th/U (5)
-
thermochronology (22)
-
thermoluminescence (1)
-
U/Pb (77)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
uranium disequilibrium (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (1)
-
Gila Conglomerate (3)
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (1)
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (5)
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (4)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (2)
-
Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (3)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (13)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Apache Leap Tuff (1)
-
lower Tertiary (3)
-
middle Tertiary (7)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (5)
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (4)
-
Hemphillian (2)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
-
lower Miocene (9)
-
middle Miocene (4)
-
Peach Springs Tuff (9)
-
upper Miocene (12)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
lower Pliocene (6)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (4)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Baca Formation (1)
-
Colton Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene (2)
-
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
-
-
Sespe Formation (2)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (5)
-
Verde Formation (1)
-
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Bisbee Group (7)
-
Cretaceous
-
Comanchean (8)
-
Dakota Formation (7)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (4)
-
Mural Limestone (6)
-
-
Mancos Shale (9)
-
Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
-
Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
-
Coniacian (1)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (4)
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
Mesaverde Group (1)
-
Senonian (1)
-
Tropic Shale (2)
-
Turonian
-
middle Turonian (1)
-
-
-
-
Glen Canyon Group (3)
-
Great Valley Sequence (1)
-
Jurassic
-
Aztec Sandstone (2)
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (1)
-
Sinemurian (1)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Bajocian (2)
-
Page Sandstone (7)
-
-
San Rafael Group (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Entrada Sandstone (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Morrison Formation (5)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Westwater Canyon Sandstone Member (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (8)
-
lower Mesozoic (5)
-
Moenave Formation (5)
-
Navajo Sandstone (27)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (9)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (9)
-
Mole Granite (1)
-
Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian (3)
-
Chinle Formation (44)
-
Keuper (1)
-
Luning Formation (1)
-
Molteno Formation (1)
-
Norian (5)
-
Petrified Forest Member (8)
-
Revueltian (1)
-
Shinarump Member (4)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Wingate Sandstone (2)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Bird Spring Formation (1)
-
Cambrian
-
Middle Cambrian
-
Bright Angel Shale (2)
-
-
Tapeats Sandstone (6)
-
Upper Cambrian (2)
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian (1)
-
Lake Valley Formation (1)
-
Osagian (1)
-
-
Redwall Limestone (10)
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Chesterian (1)
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Hermosa Group (1)
-
Lower Pennsylvanian
-
Morrowan (3)
-
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Atokan (1)
-
Desmoinesian (6)
-
Manakacha Formation (1)
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
Monongahela Group (1)
-
Upper Pennsylvanian
-
Missourian (1)
-
Virgilian
-
Shawnee Group (1)
-
-
Wescogame Formation (2)
-
-
Watahomigi Formation (2)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Famennian (1)
-
Frasnian (5)
-
-
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
-
El Paso Group (2)
-
-
Viola Limestone (1)
-
-
Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (14)
-
Esplanade Sandstone Member (1)
-
Guadalupian (2)
-
Kaibab Formation (14)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian
-
Artinskian (1)
-
-
Leonardian (5)
-
Wolfcampian
-
Hueco Limestone (1)
-
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Toroweap Formation (5)
-
Upper Permian
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
Sauk Sequence (1)
-
Silurian (1)
-
Supai Formation (12)
-
upper Paleozoic (3)
-
-
Phanerozoic (4)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean (7)
-
Chuar Group (19)
-
Pahrump Series (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Sioux Quartzite (1)
-
Uinta Mountain Group (2)
-
Unkar Group (13)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Apache Group (7)
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Missoula Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
-
Ediacaran (1)
-
Tonian (5)
-
Vendian (1)
-
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic (32)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
agglutinates (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
granophyre (2)
-
hypabyssal rocks (3)
-
kimberlite (6)
-
peperite (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
diabase (9)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (2)
-
tonalite (1)
-
-
gabbros (3)
-
granites
-
A-type granites (1)
-
biotite granite (1)
-
granite porphyry (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
monzogranite (2)
-
muscovite granite (1)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (8)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
camptonite (1)
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzonites (2)
-
pegmatite (11)
-
quartz monzonite (6)
-
syenites
-
albitite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
dunite (1)
-
garnet peridotite (1)
-
harzburgite (2)
-
lherzolite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
garnet pyroxenite (1)
-
orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (19)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (1)
-
andesites (6)
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
hawaiite (3)
-
mugearite (2)
-
-
columnar basalt (1)
-
flood basalts (1)
-
-
basanite (5)
-
benmoreite (1)
-
dacites (3)
-
glasses (2)
-
latite (3)
-
pyroclastics
-
ash-flow tuff (11)
-
ignimbrite (6)
-
pumice (2)
-
rhyolite tuff (1)
-
scoria (3)
-
tuff (31)
-
welded tuff (4)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites
-
rhyolite porphyry (1)
-
-
trachyandesites (3)
-
-
-
ophiolite (1)
-
volcanic ash (2)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (3)
-
cataclasites (3)
-
eclogite (5)
-
gneisses (15)
-
granulites (1)
-
hornfels (1)
-
marbles (2)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (1)
-
metagranite (1)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (3)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metachert (1)
-
metagraywacke (1)
-
metalimestone (1)
-
metasandstone (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
greisen (2)
-
skarn (5)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (7)
-
mylonites
-
ultramylonite (1)
-
-
phyllonites (1)
-
quartzites (4)
-
schists (8)
-
slates (1)
-
-
ophiolite (1)
-
turbidite (2)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
iron meteorites
-
octahedrite
-
Canyon Diablo Meteorite (2)
-
-
-
stony meteorites
-
chondrites
-
carbonaceous chondrites
-
CM chondrites
-
Murchison Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
enstatite chondrites
-
EH chondrites
-
Abee Meteorite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (1)
-
-
arsenates
-
conichalcite (2)
-
mimetite (7)
-
-
arsenides
-
lollingite (1)
-
maucherite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
calcite (8)
-
cerussite (7)
-
dolomite (4)
-
hydrotalcite (1)
-
leadhillite (5)
-
malachite (4)
-
phosgenite (1)
-
rhodochrosite (1)
-
-
chromates
-
hemihedrite (4)
-
-
copper minerals (7)
-
halides
-
chlorides
-
atacamite (2)
-
bideauxite (1)
-
halite (3)
-
mimetite (7)
-
phosgenite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
sylvite (1)
-
vanadinite (5)
-
-
fluorides
-
bastnaesite (1)
-
bideauxite (1)
-
fluorite (4)
-
topaz (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (5)
-
minerals (40)
-
molybdates
-
powellite (1)
-
umohoite (1)
-
wulfenite (8)
-
-
native elements (4)
-
organic minerals
-
amber (2)
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urea (1)
-
-
oxalates
-
weddellite (1)
-
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (1)
-
birnessite (1)
-
buserite (1)
-
coronadite (1)
-
cryptomelane (1)
-
cuprite (1)
-
goethite (1)
-
hematite (5)
-
hercynite (1)
-
hollandite (1)
-
hydroxides (5)
-
ilmenite (1)
-
iron oxides (3)
-
limonite (1)
-
magnetite (2)
-
manganese oxides (8)
-
niobates
-
euxenite (1)
-
samarskite (1)
-
-
psilomelane (1)
-
pyrolusite (1)
-
ramsdellite (1)
-
rancieite (1)
-
rutile (1)
-
spinel (3)
-
spinel group (1)
-
tantalates
-
euxenite (1)
-
-
todorokite (1)
-
uraninite (2)
-
zincite (1)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (19)
-
francolite (1)
-
lithiophilite (1)
-
monazite (8)
-
montebrasite (1)
-
pyromorphite (1)
-
struvite (5)
-
turquoise (3)
-
wavellite (1)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
silicates
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aluminosilicates (1)
-
asbestos (3)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (1)
-
hornblende (4)
-
kaersutite (3)
-
magnesioriebeckite (1)
-
richterite (2)
-
tremolite (1)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
gedrite (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
diopside (2)
-
johannsenite (1)
-
spodumene (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
enstatite (1)
-
-
-
shattuckite (3)
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (2)
-
anorthoclase (1)
-
K-feldspar (11)
-
sanidine (6)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
silica minerals
-
agate (1)
-
amethyst (1)
-
coesite (1)
-
cristobalite (1)
-
lechatelierite (1)
-
opal (1)
-
quartz (8)
-
stishovite (1)
-
tridymite (1)
-
-
zeolite group
-
analcime (3)
-
chabazite (1)
-
clinoptilolite (1)
-
erionite (1)
-
harmotome (1)
-
offretite (1)
-
phillipsite (1)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
dumortierite (1)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
andradite (2)
-
grossular (3)
-
pyrope (4)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (11)
-
-
phenakite group
-
willemite (4)
-
-
staurolite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (2)
-
-
topaz (1)
-
zircon group
-
coffinite (1)
-
thorite (1)
-
zircon (78)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
chevkinite group
-
chevkinite (2)
-
-
epidote group
-
allanite (3)
-
epidote (1)
-
piemontite (2)
-
-
thalenite (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (2)
-
tourmaline group (1)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (5)
-
-
clay minerals
-
chrysocolla (6)
-
kaolinite (2)
-
montmorillonite (4)
-
smectite (4)
-
-
illite (4)
-
mica group
-
biotite (11)
-
muscovite (2)
-
-
palygorskite (1)
-
sepiolite (1)
-
sericite (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
alunite (4)
-
anglesite (2)
-
anhydrite (2)
-
barite (3)
-
bassanite (1)
-
brochantite (2)
-
chalcanthite (2)
-
gypsum (3)
-
halotrichite (1)
-
iron sulfates (1)
-
jarosite (3)
-
leadhillite (5)
-
melanterite (1)
-
selenite (1)
-
thenardite (1)
-
voltaite (1)
-
-
sulfides
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alabandite (1)
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bismuthinite (1)
-
bornite (3)
-
chalcopyrite (4)
-
copper sulfides (2)
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digenite (1)
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galena (2)
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heazlewoodite (1)
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iron sulfides (1)
-
marcasite (2)
-
molybdenite (3)
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pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (5)
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pyrrhotite (1)
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sphalerite (1)
-
-
tellurates (8)
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tellurides (1)
-
tellurites (4)
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
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stolzite (4)
-
wolframite (2)
-
-
uranium minerals (2)
-
vanadates
-
carnotite (2)
-
descloizite (1)
-
vanadinite (5)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (165)
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Africa
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East Africa
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North Africa
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Southern Africa
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-
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West Africa
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Ghana
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Guinea (1)
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Asia
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Far East
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associations (1)
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atmosphere (1)
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Australasia
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-
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South Australia
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Tasmania Australia (1)
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-
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bacteria (3)
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bibliography (15)
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Canada
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Meguma Terrane (1)
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Ontario
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Kidd Creek Mine (1)
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-
-
Simcoe County Ontario
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-
-
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-
-
Quebec (2)
-
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Western Canada
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Alberta (3)
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British Columbia
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Fraser River delta (1)
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Prince Rupert British Columbia (1)
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Skeena Mountains (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
Yukon Territory (4)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (34)
-
C-14 (13)
-
organic carbon (3)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
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Greater Antilles
-
Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
Lesser Antilles
-
Dominica (1)
-
-
-
-
-
catalogs (4)
-
Cenozoic
-
Blancan (1)
-
Gila Conglomerate (3)
-
Glenns Ferry Formation (1)
-
lower Cenozoic (1)
-
middle Cenozoic (1)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
lower Holocene (1)
-
middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (5)
-
-
lower Quaternary (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (4)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Weichselian
-
upper Weichselian
-
Allerod (2)
-
Bolling (1)
-
Younger Dryas (3)
-
-
-
Wisconsinan (1)
-
-
-
upper Quaternary (13)
-
-
Tertiary
-
Apache Leap Tuff (1)
-
lower Tertiary (3)
-
middle Tertiary (7)
-
Muddy Creek Formation (5)
-
Neogene
-
Bidahochi Formation (4)
-
Hemphillian (2)
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (2)
-
lower Miocene (9)
-
middle Miocene (4)
-
Peach Springs Tuff (9)
-
upper Miocene (12)
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
lower Pliocene (6)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (4)
-
-
-
Paleogene
-
Claron Formation (1)
-
Eocene
-
Baca Formation (1)
-
Colton Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene (2)
-
-
lower Paleogene (2)
-
Oligocene
-
Fish Canyon Tuff (1)
-
lower Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
K-T boundary (3)
-
-
-
Sespe Formation (2)
-
Wasatch Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Cenozoic (5)
-
Verde Formation (1)
-
-
Central America
-
Belize (1)
-
Guatemala (2)
-
Honduras (1)
-
Nicaragua (1)
-
-
chemical analysis (7)
-
Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Pisces
-
Chondrichthyes
-
Elasmobranchii
-
Selachii (1)
-
-
Euselachii (1)
-
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
-
Teleostei
-
Cypriniformes
-
Cyprinidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Placodermi (1)
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amniota (1)
-
Amphibia
-
Labyrinthodontia
-
Temnospondyli (1)
-
-
Lepospondyli (2)
-
-
Mammalia
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Artiodactyla (1)
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Chiroptera (1)
-
Edentata (2)
-
Insectivora (1)
-
Lagomorpha
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Leporidae (1)
-
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
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Equus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Mammuthus (2)
-
-
-
-
Rodentia
-
Myomorpha
-
Cricetidae
-
Neotoma (4)
-
-
-
-
Ungulata (1)
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
-
Testudines
-
Chelonia (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia (1)
-
dinosaurs
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Ornithischia (1)
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Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Prosauropoda (1)
-
Sauropoda (1)
-
-
Theropoda (5)
-
-
-
Pterosauria (1)
-
Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (1)
-
Phytosauria (1)
-
-
-
Lepidosauria
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Squamata
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Serpentes (1)
-
-
-
Trilophosauria (1)
-
-
Synapsida
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Pelycosauria (1)
-
Therapsida (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
clay mineralogy (10)
-
climate change (15)
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conservation (2)
-
construction materials
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cement materials (1)
-
-
continental drift (1)
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coprolites (5)
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crystal chemistry (31)
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crystal growth (12)
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dams (9)
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deformation (52)
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diagenesis (24)
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diamond deposits (1)
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Earth (1)
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earthquakes (46)
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East Pacific Ocean Islands
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Hawaii
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Hawaii County Hawaii
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Kohala (1)
-
-
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Maui County Hawaii
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Maui (1)
-
-
-
-
ecology (6)
-
economic geology (164)
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education (5)
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environmental geology (7)
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Europe
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Alps
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Dolomites (1)
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Central Europe
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Austria (1)
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Germany
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Hungary (1)
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Southern Europe
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Italy
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Western Europe
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France (1)
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Sweden (2)
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United Kingdom
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Galloway Scotland (1)
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explosions (12)
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faults (226)
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D/H (6)
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hydrogeology (4)
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ichnofossils
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Eubrontes (1)
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Grallator (2)
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igneous rocks
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granophyre (2)
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hypabyssal rocks (3)
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kimberlite (6)
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plutonic rocks
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diabase (9)
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gabbros (3)
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granites
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A-type granites (1)
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biotite granite (1)
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granite porphyry (1)
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leucogranite (2)
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monzogranite (2)
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muscovite granite (1)
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two-mica granite (1)
-
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granodiorites (8)
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ijolite (1)
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lamprophyres
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minette (1)
-
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monzonites (2)
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quartz monzonite (6)
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syenites
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albitite (1)
-
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ultramafics
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peridotites
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dunite (1)
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garnet peridotite (1)
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harzburgite (2)
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lherzolite (1)
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spinel lherzolite (1)
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spinel peridotite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite
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clinopyroxenite (1)
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orthopyroxenite (1)
-
websterite (2)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (19)
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volcanic rocks
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adakites (1)
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andesites (6)
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basalts
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alkali basalts
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alkali olivine basalt (1)
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mugearite (2)
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columnar basalt (1)
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basanite (5)
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dacites (3)
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glasses (2)
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pyroclastics
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ash-flow tuff (11)
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ignimbrite (6)
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pumice (2)
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rhyolite tuff (1)
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scoria (3)
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welded tuff (4)
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rhyodacites (2)
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rhyolites
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rhyolite porphyry (1)
-
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trachyandesites (3)
-
-
-
inclusions
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fluid inclusions (16)
-
-
Indian Ocean
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Mid-Indian Ridge
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Central Indian Ridge (1)
-
-
-
industrial minerals (1)
-
intrusions (119)
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Chelicerata
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Arachnida (1)
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (1)
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Ostracoda
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Podocopida (1)
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
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Hymenoptera (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
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Trilobita
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Ptychopariida (1)
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
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Articulata
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Pentamerida (1)
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Rhynchonellida (1)
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Spiriferida (1)
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Strophomenida (1)
-
-
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Bryozoa (1)
-
Cnidaria
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Anthozoa
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Zoantharia
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Rugosa (1)
-
-
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Scyphozoa (1)
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
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Blastoidea (1)
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Crinoidea
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Inadunata (1)
-
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Eocrinoidea (1)
-
-
Echinozoa
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Edrioasteroidea (2)
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Holothuroidea (1)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Heterodonta
-
Rudistae (3)
-
-
Ostreoidea
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Ostreidae
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Ostrea (1)
-
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
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Anthraconaia (1)
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (2)
-
-
Nautiloidea
-
Nautilus (1)
-
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Archaeogastropoda (2)
-
-
Polyplacophora (1)
-
-
Porifera
-
Calcarea (2)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Fusulinina
-
Endothyra (1)
-
Fusulinidae
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Triticites (1)
-
-
-
Rotaliina
-
Buliminacea
-
Bolivinitidae
-
Bolivina (1)
-
-
Uvigerinidae
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Uvigerina (1)
-
-
-
Globigerinacea
-
Globigerinidae
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Globigerina (1)
-
-
Rotalipora (1)
-
-
-
-
Thecamoeba (1)
-
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Vermes (1)
-
-
isostasy (12)
-
isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Al-26 (1)
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
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Be-10 (1)
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C-14 (13)
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Cl-36 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
Th-230 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-36 (1)
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
C-13/C-12 (34)
-
Cl-37/Cl-35 (1)
-
D/H (6)
-
deuterium (3)
-
He-3 (5)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (4)
-
Kr-84 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
-
Ne-20 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (33)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
-
S-34/S-32 (3)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (27)
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land subsidence (11)
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land use (5)
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lava (38)
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lineation (6)
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magmas (53)
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Malay Archipelago
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Timor (1)
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mantle (33)
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maps (45)
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Mesozoic
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Bisbee Group (7)
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Cretaceous
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Comanchean (8)
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Dakota Formation (7)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (4)
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Mural Limestone (6)
-
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Mancos Shale (9)
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Middle Cretaceous (2)
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bridge Creek Limestone Member (1)
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Cenomanian
-
upper Cenomanian (1)
-
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Coniacian (1)
-
Frontier Formation (1)
-
Greenhorn Limestone (4)
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K-T boundary (3)
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Mesaverde Group (1)
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Senonian (1)
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Tropic Shale (2)
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Turonian
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middle Turonian (1)
-
-
-
-
Glen Canyon Group (3)
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Great Valley Sequence (1)
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Jurassic
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Aztec Sandstone (2)
-
Carmel Formation (2)
-
Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
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lower Liassic (1)
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Sinemurian (1)
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Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
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Bajocian (2)
-
Page Sandstone (7)
-
-
San Rafael Group (2)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Brushy Basin Member (2)
-
Entrada Sandstone (2)
-
Kimmeridgian (1)
-
Morrison Formation (5)
-
Oxfordian (2)
-
Salt Wash Sandstone Member (1)
-
Westwater Canyon Sandstone Member (1)
-
-
-
Kayenta Formation (8)
-
lower Mesozoic (5)
-
Moenave Formation (5)
-
Navajo Sandstone (27)
-
Newark Supergroup (1)
-
Nugget Sandstone (1)
-
Orocopia Schist (9)
-
Triassic
-
Lower Triassic
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
-
-
Moenkopi Formation (9)
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Mole Granite (1)
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Red Peak Formation (1)
-
Upper Triassic
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Carnian (3)
-
Chinle Formation (44)
-
Keuper (1)
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Luning Formation (1)
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Molteno Formation (1)
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Norian (5)
-
Petrified Forest Member (8)
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Revueltian (1)
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Shinarump Member (4)
-
Triassic-Jurassic boundary (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
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Wingate Sandstone (2)
-
-
metal ores
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arsenic ores (2)
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base metals (4)
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chromite ores (1)
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cobalt ores (2)
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copper ores (89)
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gold ores (22)
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iron ores (3)
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lead ores (4)
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lead-zinc deposits (5)
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molybdenum ores (12)
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nickel ores (2)
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niobium ores (2)
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polymetallic ores (6)
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rare earth deposits (1)
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silver ores (13)
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tantalum ores (2)
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tellurium ores (1)
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thorium ores (1)
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tin ores (1)
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titanium ores (1)
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tungsten ores (4)
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uranium ores (19)
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vanadium ores (1)
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zinc ores (7)
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metals
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actinides
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thorium
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Th-230 (1)
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uranium (17)
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alkali metals
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cesium (1)
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lithium (1)
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potassium (9)
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rubidium (2)
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sodium (3)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (3)
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beryllium
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Be-10 (1)
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calcium (4)
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magnesium (3)
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (27)
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aluminum
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Al-26 (1)
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antimony (1)
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arsenic (1)
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cadmium (1)
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cobalt (1)
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copper (50)
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gold (5)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (4)
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iron
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ferric iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (5)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (4)
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manganese (10)
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mercury (4)
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molybdenum (6)
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nickel (4)
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niobium (3)
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platinum group
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iridium (1)
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
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precious metals (7)
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rare earths
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cerium (3)
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europium (1)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (12)
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yttrium (2)
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metamorphic rocks
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metaplutonic rocks (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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greisen (2)
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metavolcanic rocks (7)
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stony meteorites
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CM chondrites
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Murchison Meteorite (1)
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meteorology (1)
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Mexico
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North America
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Appalachians
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (14)
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Belt Basin (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Churchill Province
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Snowbird tectonic zone (1)
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Superior Province
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Chihuahuan Desert (1)
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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oil and gas fields (10)
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orogeny (35)
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oxygen
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O-18/O-16 (33)
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Pacific Ocean
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North Pacific
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Paleozoic
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Bird Spring Formation (1)
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Cambrian
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Bright Angel Shale (2)
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Tapeats Sandstone (6)
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Upper Cambrian (2)
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Carboniferous
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Mississippian
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Lower Mississippian
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Kinderhookian (1)
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Lake Valley Formation (1)
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Osagian (1)
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Redwall Limestone (10)
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Upper Mississippian
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Chesterian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Hermosa Group (1)
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Lower Pennsylvanian
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Morrowan (3)
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Middle Pennsylvanian
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Atokan (1)
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Desmoinesian (6)
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Manakacha Formation (1)
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Moscovian (1)
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Monongahela Group (1)
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Upper Pennsylvanian
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Missourian (1)
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Virgilian
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Shawnee Group (1)
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Wescogame Formation (2)
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Watahomigi Formation (2)
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian
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Givetian (1)
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Upper Devonian
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Famennian (1)
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Frasnian (5)
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-
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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El Paso Group (2)
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Viola Limestone (1)
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Permian
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Coconino Sandstone (14)
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Esplanade Sandstone Member (1)
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Guadalupian (2)
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Kaibab Formation (14)
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Lower Permian
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Cisuralian
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Artinskian (1)
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Leonardian (5)
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Wolfcampian
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Hueco Limestone (1)
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-
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Middle Permian (1)
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Toroweap Formation (5)
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Upper Permian
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Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
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Sauk Sequence (1)
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Silurian (1)
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Supai Formation (12)
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upper Paleozoic (3)
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palynology (1)
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palynomorphs
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Dinoflagellata (2)
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miospores
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paragenesis (20)
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petroleum
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natural gas (26)
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petrology (83)
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Phanerozoic (4)
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phase equilibria (13)
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Plantae
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nannofossils
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Sphenolithus (1)
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Pteridophyta
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Filicopsida
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Pecopteris (1)
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Lycopsida
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Lepidodendron (1)
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Stigmaria (1)
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Sphenopsida
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Equisetales
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Calamites (1)
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Spermatophyta
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Angiospermae (4)
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Coniferales (2)
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Pteridospermae (1)
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plate tectonics (48)
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pollution (20)
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Precambrian
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Archean (7)
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Chuar Group (19)
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Pahrump Series (1)
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Purcell System (1)
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Sioux Quartzite (1)
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Uinta Mountain Group (2)
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Unkar Group (13)
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Mesoproterozoic
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Apache Group (7)
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Belt Supergroup (3)
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Missoula Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Cryogenian (1)
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Tonian (5)
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Vendian (1)
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Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic (32)
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Vadito Group (1)
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problematic fossils
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problematic microfossils (7)
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reclamation (3)
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Red Sea region (1)
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reefs (3)
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boundstone (1)
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limestone
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chemically precipitated rocks
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clastic rocks
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arkose (1)
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coal (2)
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biogenic structures
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Arizona
Cenozoic Tectonic Reconstruction and the Initial Distribution of Porphyry Copper Deposits in the Sonoran Desert Region of Southwestern North America: Implications for Metallogenesis Open Access
Evidence for a Late Cretaceous to Paleogene basement-involved retroarc wedge in the southern U.S. Cordillera: A case study from the northern Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona Available to Purchase
Temporal and Spatial Relations Between Porphyry Copper Deposits and Crustal Shortening: Insights from the Laramide Arc of Arizona and New Mexico Available to Purchase
Field Examples of Void-Related Resonance in Shallow Seismic Data Available to Purchase
Alterite and Magnesioalterite, Two New Oxalate Minerals, from the Vermillion Cliffs, Coconino County, Arizona, USA Available to Purchase
Ebnerite and epiebnerite: NH 4 ZnPO 4 dimorphs with zeolite-type frameworks from the Rowley mine, Arizona, USA Available to Purchase
Resolving pressure differences within the Grand Canyon Precambrian basement: Implications for Proterozoic tectonics Available to Purchase
Stanevansite, Mg(C 2 H 3 O 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O, A New Hydrous Glycolate Mineral, from the Santa Catalina Mountains, Tucson, Arizona, USA Available to Purchase
Waveform Inversion of Shallow Seismic data with Randomly Selected Sources Available to Purchase
OPALIZED WOOD FROM CLOVER CREEK, IDAHO: HOW AN 1895 FOSSIL TREE DISCOVERY BECAME THE STANDARD OF QUALITY FOR WOOD-OPAL IN MINERALOGICAL COLLECTIONS Available to Purchase
DR. THOMAS ANTISELL (1817–1893): 19 th CENTURY MEDICAL GEOLOGIST Available to Purchase
Anthropogenic influence on groundwater geochemistry in Horn Creek Watershed near the Orphan Mine in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA Open Access
Structural Analysis and Chronologic Constraints on Progressive Deformation within the Rincon Mountains, Arizona: Implications for Development of Metamorphic Core Complexes Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT Investigation of exhumed and well-exposed crustal-scale fault zones provides a rare window into the mechanics and timing of a broad range of deformation mechanisms, strain localization, and fault zone behavior. Here, we apply and integrate geo- and thermochronology analytics to carefully described brittle-ductile structural characteristics of the Catalina detachment zone as exposed in the Rincon Mountains domain of the Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex. This core complex is an exhumed extensional, broad-scale-normal-slip shear zone near Tucson, Arizona, USA. The Catalina detachment zone, as formulated here, is partitioned into a brittle-ductile fault-rock stratigraphy that evolved through progressive deformation. The Catalina-Rincon Mountains metamorphic core complex is one of the original type localities of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes in western North America and has a long history of scientific study to document its structural characteristics and decipher its evolution in the context of Mid-Cenozoic extension. In this Memoir, we seek to provide a thorough accounting of the evolution of this shear zone, through integrating and synthesizing decades of previous research with new mapping, structural data, and geochronological analyses. The Catalina detachment zone stratigraphy is made up of the Catalina detachment fault, cataclasite, chloritic protocataclasite (referred to in most core-complex literature as “chlorite breccia”), subdetachment faults, and mylonites. When it was active, this zone accommodated a minimum of ~36 km of top-to-the-SW displacement. Characterizing the progressive evolution of this metamorphic core complex fault-rock stratigraphy requires a detailed accounting of the kinematic and temporal history of the detachment zone. Consequently, we first characterize and describe each structural unit and feature of this crustal-scale fault and shear zone network through the combination of previously published mapping, structural and microfabric analyses and newly collected structural data, thin-section analysis, large-scale mapping, and reinterpretation of stratigraphic and structural relations in the adjacent Tucson Basin. To improve our broad-scale mapping efforts, we employ multispectral analysis, successfully delineating specific fault-rock stratigraphic units at the core-complex scale. We then establish kinematic and absolute timing constraints by integrating results from well-log and seismic reflection data and with new and previously published zircon U-Pb, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, 40 K/ 40 Ar geochronological, (U/Th)/He, 4 He/ 3 He, and apatite fission track thermochronological analyses. These temporal constraints indicate a deformation sequence that progressed through mylonitization, cataclasis, mini-detachment faulting, subdetachment faulting, and detachment faulting. This multidisciplinary investigation reveals that mylonitization occurred in late Oligocene time (ca. 26–22 Ma), coeval with rapid exhumation of the lower plate, and that slip on the Catalina detachment fault ceased by early Miocene, ca. 17 Ma. This temporal framework is consistent with results of our subsurface analysis of stratigraphic and structural relations in the Tucson Basin. Onset of metamorphic core complex deformation in southern Arizona slightly preceded that in central and western Arizona and southeasternmost California. Our compiled data sets suggest a shear-zone evolution model that places special emphasis on the transformation of mylonite to chloritic protocataclasite, and strain localization onto subdetachment, minidetachment, and detachment faults over time. Our model envisions mylonites drawn upward through a fluids-sourced brittle-ductile transition zone marked by elevated fluid pressures. This emphasis draws upon seminal work by Jane Selverstone and Gary Axen in analyzing structural-mechanical evolution in the Whipple Mountains metamorphic core complex. Progressive embrittlement and strength-hardening of the lower-plate rocks are manifest in intensive fracturing and minidetachment faulting, favored by the change in rheology produced by alteration-mineral products. Subdetachment faults, localized by earlier-formed ultramylonite and calc-silicate tectonite, coalesce to produce a proto-detachment fault, which marks the interface between mylonite and chlorite protocataclasite. Linking and smoothing of minidetachment faults within chloritic protocataclasite led to emergence of the Catalina detachment fault proper. All of this, from mylonite formation to final slippage on the detachment fault, kinematically conforms to top-to-the-SW shear. The macro-form of the antiformal-synformal corrugations of the Rincon Mountains began developing while mylonites were forming, continuing to amplify during proto-detachment faulting and detachment faulting. We emphasize and describe with examples how the timing and tectonic significance of mylonitization, cataclasis, and detachment faulting within the Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex continues to be hotly debated. Disagreements center today, as they have in the past, on the degree to which the structures and fabrics in the Rincons are Laramide products, mid-Cenozoic products, or some combination of both. In addressing tectonic heritage with respect to the Catalina detachment zone, it is hoped that the proposed model of progressive evolution of the Catalina detachment-zone shear zone will inform other studies of active and ancient metamorphic core complexes around the globe. In this regard, some new transferable emphases and methodologies emerged from this work, above and beyond what are now standard operating procedures for understanding crustal shear zones in general, and metamorphic core complexes particularly. For example, remote multispectral image analysis combined with ground-truth field analysis permitted mapping the full extent of chloritic protocataclasite, one of the best exposures of same globally, which is perhaps the most strategic fault rock in exploring the brittle-ductile transition. The added value of complete map control for chloritic protocataclasite is exploring, at its base in other metamorphic core complexes, for the presence of subdetachment faulting, i.e., proto-detachment faulting that influenced localization of detachment zones proper. Another example is the importance of continuously searching for certain mylonite protolith that yields opportunities for closely constraining timing of mylonitization. In our case, it is the Loma Alta mylonite that, more than any other protolith unit in the Rincon Mountains, permitted ‘locking’ the age of mylonitization as late Oligocene. We hope that insights from this detailed study will inform analyses of similar crustal-scale fault zones, both ancient and modern. Given its ready accessibility compared to most metamorphic core complexes, the Rincon Mountains present opportunities for others to use this contribution as part of the basis for exploiting this natural laboratory in research, teaching, and public science.
Laramide bulldozing of lithosphere beneath the Arizona transition zone, southwestern United States Open Access
Runoff required to drive postimpact gully development on the walls of Meteor Crater (Arizona, USA) Available to Purchase
Field calibration of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar K-feldspar multiple diffusion domain (MDD) thermal histories at the Grayback normal fault block, Arizona, USA Open Access
Evanichite, Pb 6 Cr 3+ (Cr 6+ O 4 ) 2 (SO 4 )(OH) 7 FCl, from Tiger, Arizona, USA, the First Mineral Containing Both Cr 3+ and Cr 6+ Available to Purchase
Murphyite, Pb(TeO 4 ), the Te-Analogue of Raspite, a New Mineral from Tombstone, Arizona, USA Available to Purchase
Frenchman Mountain Dolostone: A new formation of the Cambrian Tonto Group, Grand Canyon and Basin and Range, USA Open Access
Circa 1.50–1.45 Ga metasedimentary rocks in southwestern Laurentia provide distinctive records of Mesoproterozoic regional orogenesis and craton interactions Available to Purchase
ABSTRACT The discovery of multiple deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary successions in southwestern Laurentia that have depositional ages between ca. 1.50 and 1.45 Ga marked a turning point in our understanding of the Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the continent and its interactions with formerly adjacent cratons. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metasedimentary strata and igneous U-Pb zircon ages from interbedded metavolcanic rocks in Arizona and New Mexico provide unequivocal evidence for ca. 1.50–1.45 Ga deposition and burial, followed by ca. 1.45 and younger deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism. These events reflect regional shortening and crustal thickening that are most consistent with convergent to collisional orogenesis—the Mesoproterozoic Picuris orogeny—in southwestern Laurentia. Similar metasedimentary successions documented in the midcontinent of the United States and in eastern Canada help to establish ca. 1.45 Ga orogenesis as a continent-scale phenomenon associated with a complex and evolving convergent margin along southern Laurentia. Metasedimentary successions of similar age are also exposed across ~5000 km of the western Laurentian margin and contain distinctive 1.6–1.5 Ga detrital zircon populations that are globally rare except in select cratonic provinces in Australia and Antarctica. The recognition of these distinctive detrital zircon ages provides a transient record of plate interactions prior to breakup of Nuna or Columbia ca. 1.45 Ga and provides key constraints on global plate reconstructions.