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NARROW
Format
Article Type
Journal
Publisher
Section
GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Cape Verde Islands (1)
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Central Africa
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Angola (1)
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Rwanda (1)
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Congo Craton (1)
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East Africa
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Tanzania
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Laetoli (1)
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Madagascar (1)
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North Africa
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Morocco (1)
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Sahara (2)
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Southern Africa
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Gariep Belt (1)
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Kaapvaal Craton (1)
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Karoo Basin (4)
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Namibia
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Damara Belt (1)
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Kaoko Belt (1)
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South Africa
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Cape fold belt (2)
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Zimbabwe (1)
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West Africa
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Nigeria
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Niger Delta (2)
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Altiplano (22)
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Antarctica
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Antarctic Peninsula
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Graham Land (2)
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Larsen Ice Shelf (1)
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Ellsworth Land
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Ellsworth Mountains (3)
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James Ross Island (2)
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South Orkney Islands (2)
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Transantarctic Mountains
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Pensacola Mountains (1)
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West Antarctica (2)
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Arctic Ocean
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Norwegian Sea
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Arctic region
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Greenland (1)
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Jan Mayen (1)
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Asia
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Oman (1)
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Brahmaputra River (1)
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Central Asia
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Kazakhstan (2)
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Far East
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Indonesia
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Kamchatka Russian Federation
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Middle East
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Uzbekistan (1)
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Verkhoyansk region (1)
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Yakutia Russian Federation (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Atlantis Massif
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North Atlantic
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Atlantis Massif
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Gulf of Mexico (2)
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Scotian Shelf (1)
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South Atlantic
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Atlantic Ocean Islands
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Nunavut
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Western Canada
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Caribbean region
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Central America
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Poland
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Slovakia (1)
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Pyrenees (3)
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Southern Europe
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Iberian Peninsula
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Spain
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Castilla y Leon Spain
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Catalonia Spain
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Lleida Spain (1)
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Valencia region
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Valencia Spain (1)
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Italy
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Apennines
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Central Apennines (1)
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Campania Italy
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Monte Somma (1)
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Marches Italy (1)
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Sicily Italy
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Lipari Islands
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Tuscany Italy (1)
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Yugoslavia (1)
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Western Europe
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France
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Herault France (1)
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Scandinavia
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Sweden (2)
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United Kingdom
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England
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Scotland
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Franklin Mountains (1)
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Grand Banks (1)
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Indian Ocean
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Timor Sea
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Bonaparte Gulf basin (1)
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Indian Ocean Islands
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Madagascar (1)
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Latin America (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Mexico
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North America
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Appalachian Basin (1)
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Appalachians
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Southern Appalachians (1)
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Valley and Ridge Province (1)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (1)
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Lake Champlain (1)
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North American Cordillera (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Sonoran Desert (1)
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North Island (2)
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Northern Hemisphere (2)
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Oceania
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Melanesia
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Fiji (1)
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Vanuatu (1)
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Micronesia
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Polynesia
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Tonga (1)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Peru-Chile Trench (4)
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Southeast Pacific
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Chile Ridge (2)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Cascadia Basin (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Nankai Trough (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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South Pacific
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Southeast Pacific
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Chile Ridge (2)
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Southwest Pacific
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Banda Sea (1)
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West Pacific
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Indonesian Seas
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Banda Sea (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Nankai Trough (1)
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Okhotsk Sea (1)
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Southwest Pacific
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Banda Sea (1)
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Pacific region
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Circum-Pacific region (1)
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Peninsular Ranges (1)
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Perth Basin (1)
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Puna (51)
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Rio Blanco Basin (2)
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Rio Grande Valley (5)
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Rio Negro (4)
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South America
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Andes
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Argentine Andes (8)
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Central Andes (69)
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Southern Andes (17)
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Subandean Belt (4)
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Western Cordillera (3)
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Argentina
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Argentine Andes (8)
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Buenos Aires Argentina
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Catamarca Argentina (25)
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Neuquen Argentina
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Neuquen Basin (160)
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Pampean Mountains (93)
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Rio Negro Argentina (36)
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Alaska
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commodities
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geothermal energy (3)
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industrial minerals (1)
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base metals (3)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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chemical ratios (6)
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sodium (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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calcium
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Mg/Ca (1)
-
Sr/Ca (2)
-
-
magnesium
-
Mg/Ca (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Sr/Ca (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (24)
-
-
-
aluminum
-
Al-26 (2)
-
-
antimony (1)
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arsenic (3)
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bismuth (6)
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chromium (1)
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cobalt (1)
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copper (8)
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gallium (1)
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germanium (5)
-
gold (2)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (4)
-
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indium (4)
-
iron
-
ferric iron (1)
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (10)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (9)
-
Pb-208/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
U-238/Pb-206 (1)
-
-
manganese (1)
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mercury (1)
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nickel (1)
-
niobium (6)
-
platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (2)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
palladium (2)
-
platinum ores (2)
-
-
precious metals (5)
-
rare earths
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dysprosium (1)
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erbium (1)
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europium (1)
-
gadolinium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (19)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
ytterbium (2)
-
yttrium (4)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (2)
-
-
silver (4)
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tantalum (2)
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tin (2)
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titanium (2)
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tungsten (1)
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vanadium (1)
-
zinc (6)
-
-
nitrogen
-
N-15/N-14 (4)
-
-
noble gases
-
argon
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (1)
-
-
helium
-
He-3 (3)
-
-
neon
-
Ne-21 (2)
-
-
-
oxygen
-
O-18/O-16 (41)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
-
selenium (3)
-
silicon (1)
-
sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (9)
-
-
tellurium (4)
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trace metals (1)
-
-
fossils
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bacteria (2)
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borings (3)
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burrows (10)
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Chordata
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Vertebrata
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Agnatha (1)
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Pisces
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Chondrichthyes
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Elasmobranchii (1)
-
-
Osteichthyes
-
Actinopterygii
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Teleostei
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Perciformes (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Tetrapoda
-
Amphibia (3)
-
Aves
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Neornithes
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Neognathae
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Sphenisciformes (2)
-
-
-
-
Mammalia
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Multituberculata (1)
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Theria
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Eutheria
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Amblypoda
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Xenungulata (1)
-
-
Artiodactyla
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Hippopotamidae
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Hippopotamus (1)
-
-
Ruminantia
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Bovidae
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Bos (1)
-
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Tylopoda
-
Camelidae (1)
-
-
-
-
Carnivora
-
Fissipeda
-
Felidae
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Panthera (1)
-
Smilodon (1)
-
-
Ursidae (2)
-
-
Pinnipedia (1)
-
-
Cetacea
-
Mysticeti (1)
-
-
Edentata
-
Xenarthra
-
Cingulata (4)
-
-
-
Notoungulata (6)
-
Perissodactyla
-
Hippomorpha
-
Equidae
-
Equus (1)
-
-
-
-
Proboscidea
-
Elephantoidea
-
Elephantidae
-
Elephas (1)
-
-
-
Gomphotheriidae (1)
-
Mastodontoidea (1)
-
-
Rodentia
-
Caviomorpha (3)
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Hystricomorpha (1)
-
Myomorpha
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Cricetidae (1)
-
-
-
Ungulata (1)
-
-
Metatheria
-
Marsupialia
-
Polyprotodontia
-
Didelphidae (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Reptilia
-
Anapsida
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Testudines
-
Chelonia (2)
-
Pleurodira (2)
-
Testudinidae (1)
-
-
-
Diapsida
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Archosauria
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Crocodilia
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Eusuchia
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Crocodylidae (1)
-
-
-
dinosaurs
-
Ornithischia
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Ornithopoda (2)
-
-
Saurischia
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Sauropodomorpha
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Sauropoda
-
Camarasaurus (1)
-
Titanosauridae (3)
-
-
-
Theropoda (1)
-
-
-
Pterosauria
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Pteranodon (1)
-
-
Thecodontia
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Aetosauria (2)
-
-
-
Ichthyosauria (4)
-
Lepidosauria
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Rhynchocephalia
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Sphenodontidae (1)
-
-
Squamata
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Lacertilia
-
Mosasauridae (2)
-
-
-
-
Sauropterygia
-
Plesiosauria
-
Elasmosauridae (1)
-
-
-
-
Synapsida
-
Therapsida
-
Cynodontia (2)
-
Dicynodontia (2)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
coprolites (6)
-
Cyclostomata (1)
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fungi (5)
-
Graptolithina
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Graptoloidea (6)
-
-
ichnofossils
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Arenicolites (1)
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Cruziana (1)
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Nereites (1)
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Palaeophycus (4)
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Planolites (2)
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Rusophycus (1)
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Skolithos (3)
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Thalassinoides (1)
-
-
Invertebrata
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Arthropoda
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Mandibulata
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Crustacea
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Branchiopoda (4)
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Cirripedia (1)
-
Malacostraca
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Brachyura (3)
-
-
Ostracoda
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Paleocopida (2)
-
Podocopida
-
Cypridocopina
-
Cyprididae
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Candona (2)
-
-
-
Cytherocopina
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Cytheracea
-
Cytheridae (1)
-
-
-
Darwinula (2)
-
-
-
-
Insecta
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Pterygota
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Neoptera
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Endopterygota
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Coleoptera (1)
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Diptera
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Chironomidae (1)
-
-
Hymenoptera (6)
-
Mecoptera (1)
-
-
Exopterygota
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Isoptera (1)
-
-
-
Palaeoptera
-
Odonata (4)
-
-
-
-
-
Trilobitomorpha
-
Trilobita
-
Agnostida (1)
-
Phacopida
-
Phacopina (2)
-
-
Ptychopariida
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Olenidae (4)
-
Proetidae (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Brachiopoda
-
Articulata
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Orthida (5)
-
Rhynchonellida (2)
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Spiriferida (2)
-
Strophomenida (2)
-
-
Inarticulata (1)
-
-
Bryozoa
-
Cheilostomata (2)
-
-
Echinodermata
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Crinozoa
-
Crinoidea (2)
-
-
Echinozoa
-
Echinoidea (5)
-
-
-
Mollusca
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Bivalvia
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Cyrtodontida (1)
-
Heterodonta
-
Veneroida
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Carditidae (1)
-
Veneridae (1)
-
-
-
Mytilus (1)
-
Nuculanidae (1)
-
Nuculidae (1)
-
Ostreoidea
-
Ostreidae
-
Crassostrea (2)
-
-
-
Pterioida
-
Pteriina
-
Inocerami
-
Inoceramidae
-
Inoceramus (1)
-
-
-
Pectinacea
-
Pectinidae (6)
-
-
-
-
-
Cephalopoda
-
Ammonoidea
-
Ammonites (4)
-
Goniatitida
-
Goniatitidae
-
Goniatites (1)
-
-
-
Lytoceratida (1)
-
Phylloceratida (1)
-
-
Bactritida (1)
-
Coleoidea
-
Belemnoidea
-
Belemnitidae (1)
-
-
-
Nautiloidea (3)
-
-
Gastropoda
-
Mesogastropoda (1)
-
Muricacea (3)
-
Naticidae (2)
-
Neogastropoda
-
Muricidae (3)
-
-
-
Polyplacophora (2)
-
Rostroconchia (2)
-
-
Porifera
-
Demospongea (1)
-
-
Protista
-
Foraminifera
-
Rotaliina (1)
-
-
Radiolaria (1)
-
Tintinnidae
-
Calpionellidae (1)
-
-
-
Vermes
-
Annelida (1)
-
Nematoida (1)
-
Phoronida (1)
-
Polychaeta
-
Serpulidae (1)
-
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
-
Metazoa (1)
-
microfossils
-
Charophyta (2)
-
Chitinozoa (3)
-
Conodonta
-
Neognathodus (1)
-
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
scolecodonts (1)
-
-
palynomorphs
-
acritarchs (7)
-
Chitinozoa (3)
-
Dinoflagellata (12)
-
megaspores (1)
-
miospores
-
Cicatricosisporites (1)
-
Classopollis (1)
-
pollen (28)
-
-
-
Plantae
-
algae
-
Chlorophyta
-
Charophyta (2)
-
-
Coccolithophoraceae (1)
-
diatoms (8)
-
nannofossils (2)
-
Rhodophyta
-
Corallinaceae (2)
-
-
-
Bryophyta
-
Musci
-
Sphagnum (1)
-
-
-
Pteridophyta
-
Filicopsida
-
Sphenopteris (1)
-
-
Lycopsida (1)
-
Sphenopsida
-
Sphenopteris (1)
-
-
-
Spermatophyta
-
Angiospermae
-
Dicotyledoneae
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Compositae (1)
-
Leguminosae (1)
-
Myrtaceae
-
Eucalyptus (1)
-
-
Nothofagus (2)
-
-
-
Gymnospermae
-
Coniferales
-
Araucariaceae (2)
-
-
Cycadales (1)
-
Ginkgoales (1)
-
-
-
-
problematic fossils
-
problematic microfossils (2)
-
-
thallophytes (1)
-
tracks (4)
-
trails (3)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
(U-Th)/He (8)
-
Ar/Ar (27)
-
exposure age (8)
-
fission-track dating (11)
-
K/Ar (16)
-
Lu/Hf (5)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
paleomagnetism (13)
-
Pb/Pb (4)
-
Pb/Th (1)
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Rb/Sr (4)
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Re/Os (3)
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Sm/Nd (4)
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Sr/Sr (1)
-
tephrochronology (2)
-
thermochronology (13)
-
tree rings (2)
-
U/Pb (85)
-
U/Th/Pb (3)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
lower Cenozoic (2)
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
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lower Holocene (2)
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middle Holocene (1)
-
upper Holocene (12)
-
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lower Quaternary (1)
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middle Quaternary (1)
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Pleistocene
-
Bandelier Tuff (1)
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Bishop Tuff (1)
-
lower Pleistocene (2)
-
Matuyama Chron (1)
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middle Pleistocene (1)
-
upper Pleistocene (16)
-
-
upper Quaternary (6)
-
-
Tertiary
-
middle Tertiary
-
Deseadan (4)
-
-
Neogene
-
Andalhuala Formation (1)
-
Miocene
-
Astoria Formation (1)
-
Honda Group (1)
-
lower Miocene
-
Burdigalian (2)
-
-
middle Miocene (8)
-
Puerto Madryn Formation (7)
-
upper Miocene
-
Chiquimil Formation (1)
-
Tortonian (2)
-
-
-
Pliocene
-
Gauss Chron (1)
-
lower Pliocene (8)
-
middle Pliocene (1)
-
upper Pliocene (2)
-
-
upper Neogene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
Green River Formation (1)
-
lower Eocene (6)
-
middle Eocene
-
Laney Shale Member (1)
-
-
upper Eocene (9)
-
Wilkins Peak Member (1)
-
-
lower Paleogene (3)
-
Oligocene
-
lower Oligocene (5)
-
middle Oligocene (1)
-
upper Oligocene (7)
-
-
Paleocene
-
lower Paleocene
-
Danian (12)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
-
Pinyon Conglomerate (1)
-
upper Paleocene (4)
-
-
-
Sarmiento Formation (7)
-
-
upper Cenozoic
-
Ituzaingo Formation (1)
-
-
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Agrio Formation (22)
-
Albian (6)
-
Aptian (2)
-
Barremian (2)
-
Berriasian (5)
-
Hauterivian (8)
-
Lagoa Feia Formation (1)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
Valanginian (13)
-
-
Middle Cretaceous (3)
-
Santana Formation (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
-
Bauru Group (1)
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Campanian (4)
-
Cenomanian (3)
-
Gulfian
-
Eagle Ford Formation (3)
-
Olmos Formation (1)
-
-
Harebell Formation (1)
-
K-T boundary (2)
-
Maestrichtian
-
upper Maestrichtian (1)
-
-
Neuquen Group (7)
-
Niobrara Formation (3)
-
Santonian (1)
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Senonian (11)
-
Smoky Hill Chalk Member (1)
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Turonian (3)
-
-
Yacoraite Formation (2)
-
-
Jurassic
-
Ferrar Group (1)
-
Lower Jurassic
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Hettangian (1)
-
lower Liassic (2)
-
middle Liassic (3)
-
Pliensbachian (7)
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Sinemurian (2)
-
Toarcian (6)
-
upper Liassic (3)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
-
Aalenian (3)
-
Bajocian (5)
-
Bathonian (2)
-
Callovian (2)
-
-
Solnhofen Limestone (1)
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Upper Jurassic
-
Bossier Formation (1)
-
Haynesville Formation (2)
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Kimmeridgian (1)
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Oxfordian (1)
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Portlandian (10)
-
Tithonian (21)
-
Volgian (1)
-
-
-
Serra Geral Formation (1)
-
Triassic
-
Chanares Formation (2)
-
Lower Triassic
-
Olenekian (2)
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
Middle Triassic
-
Anisian (2)
-
Ladinian (1)
-
-
Upper Triassic
-
Carnian
-
Ischigualasto Formation (7)
-
-
Norian (1)
-
Yanchang Formation (1)
-
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
Vaca Muerta Formation (64)
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Conasauga Group (1)
-
Lower Cambrian
-
Rome Formation (1)
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Terreneuvian (1)
-
-
Middle Cambrian (3)
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Furongian (3)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Lower Carboniferous
-
Dinantian (1)
-
-
Middle Carboniferous (1)
-
Mississippian
-
Barnett Shale (1)
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Tournaisian (1)
-
-
Middle Mississippian
-
Visean (1)
-
-
Upper Mississippian
-
Fayetteville Formation (1)
-
-
-
Namurian (1)
-
Pennsylvanian
-
Middle Pennsylvanian
-
Moscovian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (6)
-
-
Devonian
-
Lower Devonian
-
Lochkovian (1)
-
Pragian (2)
-
-
Middle Devonian
-
Givetian (1)
-
Marcellus Shale (3)
-
-
Upper Devonian
-
Frasnian (1)
-
-
-
Itarare Subgroup (1)
-
Knox Group (1)
-
lower Paleozoic (13)
-
middle Paleozoic (1)
-
New Albany Shale (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Acoite Formation (5)
-
Gualcamayo Formation (5)
-
Lower Ordovician
-
Arenigian (5)
-
El Paso Group (1)
-
Fillmore Formation (1)
-
Floian (1)
-
Ibexian (2)
-
Tremadocian (10)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Chazy Group (1)
-
Chazyan (1)
-
Dapingian (1)
-
Darriwilian (3)
-
Llanvirnian (3)
-
Whiterockian (3)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Ashgillian (2)
-
Caradocian (3)
-
Hirnantian (2)
-
Sandbian (3)
-
-
-
Paganzo Group (2)
-
Permian
-
Guadalupian (1)
-
Lower Permian
-
Cisuralian (3)
-
Wolfcampian (1)
-
-
Middle Permian (1)
-
Upper Permian
-
Lopingian
-
Changhsingian (1)
-
-
Permian-Triassic boundary (2)
-
-
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian
-
Llandovery
-
Rhuddanian (1)
-
-
-
Upper Silurian
-
Ludlow (1)
-
Pridoli (1)
-
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Copacabana Group (1)
-
Guandacol Formation (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (4)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Mesoarchean (1)
-
Neoarchean (1)
-
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Mesoproterozoic (4)
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Cryogenian (1)
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Ediacaran (3)
-
Maranon Complex (1)
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Vendian (1)
-
-
Paleoproterozoic (5)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
extrusive rocks (1)
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (2)
-
feldspathoid rocks (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (1)
-
diabase (1)
-
diorites
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quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (5)
-
trondhjemite (2)
-
-
gabbros
-
microgabbro (1)
-
norite (2)
-
-
granites
-
alkali granites (2)
-
aplite (1)
-
A-type granites (4)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
I-type granites (1)
-
leucogranite (2)
-
micropegmatite (1)
-
monzogranite (3)
-
S-type granites (3)
-
-
granodiorites (7)
-
ijolite (1)
-
lamprophyres (3)
-
monzonites (2)
-
pegmatite (43)
-
syenites
-
alkali syenites (2)
-
granosyenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
peridotites
-
harzburgite (1)
-
spinel lherzolite (1)
-
-
pyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
porphyry (6)
-
volcanic rocks
-
andesites
-
andesite porphyry (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts
-
alkali olivine basalt (1)
-
-
flood basalts (3)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
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shoshonite (2)
-
-
basanite (1)
-
dacites (4)
-
glasses
-
volcanic glass (3)
-
-
latite (1)
-
nephelinite (2)
-
phonolites (1)
-
pyroclastics
-
green tuff (1)
-
ignimbrite (16)
-
pumice (4)
-
rhyolite tuff (2)
-
tuff (16)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (2)
-
rhyolites (18)
-
trachyandesites
-
absarokite (1)
-
-
-
-
ophiolite (4)
-
volcanic ash (5)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
K-bentonite (1)
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (5)
-
eclogite (1)
-
gneisses
-
paragneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (1)
-
marbles (1)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
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minerals
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carbonates
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copper minerals (3)
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iodates (1)
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K-bentonite (1)
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minerals (11)
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organic minerals (1)
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rutile (4)
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titanium oxides (1)
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phosphates
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apatite (18)
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britholite (1)
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fluorapatite (4)
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goyazite (1)
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silicates
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orthoamphibole
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charoite (1)
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pyroxene group
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orthopyroxene (2)
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tobermorite (1)
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framework silicates
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cancrinite (1)
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feldspar group
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K-feldspar (3)
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microcline (2)
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sanidine (1)
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plagioclase
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oligoclase (2)
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-
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nepheline group
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nepheline (2)
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scapolite group
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scapolite (1)
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silica minerals
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cristobalite (1)
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opal (1)
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quartz (12)
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sodalite group
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sodalite (1)
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zeolite group
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analcime (4)
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clinoptilolite (1)
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phillipsite (1)
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pollucite (2)
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-
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orthosilicates
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nesosilicates
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braunite (1)
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britholite group
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britholite (1)
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dumortierite (1)
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garnet group
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kyanite (1)
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titanite group
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titanite (2)
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zircon group
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zircon (65)
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-
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sorosilicates
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bertrandite (1)
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epidote group
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allanite (1)
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epidote (2)
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pumpellyite group
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pumpellyite (1)
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-
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ring silicates
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aquamarine (1)
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beryl (5)
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tourmaline group
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elbaite (2)
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schorl (1)
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-
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sheet silicates
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chlorite group
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chlorite (9)
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clinochlore (1)
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clay minerals
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dickite (3)
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halloysite (4)
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kaolinite (8)
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montmorillonite (3)
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smectite (10)
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clintonite (1)
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illite (12)
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mica group
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biotite (3)
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muscovite (4)
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phlogopite (1)
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polylithionite (1)
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palygorskite (1)
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petalite (1)
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pyrophyllite (2)
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sericite (1)
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-
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sulfates
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alunite (6)
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anhydrite (2)
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barite (2)
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epsomite (1)
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gypsum (2)
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jarosite (2)
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sulfides
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bornite (4)
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chalcocite (3)
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covellite (2)
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orpiment (1)
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pearceite (2)
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tennantite (3)
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sulfobismuthites
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matildite (1)
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sulfogermanates
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tellurides
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tungstates
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scheelite (1)
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vanadates (1)
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Primary terms
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absolute age (122)
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Africa
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South Africa
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Asia
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Atlantic Ocean
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Atlantis Massif
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North Atlantic
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Australasia
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bacteria (2)
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boron
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brines (5)
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Canada
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Nunavut
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (33)
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organic carbon (9)
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Caribbean region
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catalogs (1)
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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lower Quaternary (1)
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upper Quaternary (6)
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Tertiary
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middle Tertiary
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Deseadan (4)
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Neogene
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Andalhuala Formation (1)
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Miocene
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Astoria Formation (1)
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Honda Group (1)
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lower Miocene
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middle Miocene (8)
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Puerto Madryn Formation (7)
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upper Miocene
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Chiquimil Formation (1)
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Pliocene
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Gauss Chron (1)
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upper Pliocene (2)
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upper Neogene (1)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
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Green River Formation (1)
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middle Eocene
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Laney Shale Member (1)
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upper Eocene (9)
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Wilkins Peak Member (1)
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Oligocene
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Paleocene
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Danian (12)
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Pinyon Conglomerate (1)
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upper Paleocene (4)
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Sarmiento Formation (7)
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upper Cenozoic
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Ituzaingo Formation (1)
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Central America
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Chordata
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Osteichthyes
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Perciformes (1)
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Tetrapoda
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Amphibia (3)
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Mammalia
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Multituberculata (1)
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Ruminantia
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Tylopoda
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Carnivora
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Notoungulata (6)
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Perissodactyla
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Proboscidea
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Gomphotheriidae (1)
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Rodentia
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Ungulata (1)
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Metatheria
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Marsupialia
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Reptilia
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Diapsida
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Archosauria
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dinosaurs
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Squamata
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Synapsida
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clay deposits (1)
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
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Leg 36
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DSDP Site 327 (1)
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DSDP Site 329 (1)
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Leg 39
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DSDP Site 357 (1)
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Leg 40
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DSDP Site 360 (1)
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Leg 41
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DSDP Site 369 (1)
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Europe
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palynomorphs
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Musci
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
Argentina
A multiscale approach to analysing a pore system of tight sandstones: a case study of the Lajas Formation (Middle Jurassic), Neuquén Basin, Argentina Available to Purchase
Origin, distribution, and significance of cements in the Miocene Vinchina Formation sandstones, Vinchina Foreland Basin, northwestern Argentina Available to Purchase
Porosity and mineralogy in the Lajas tight gas sandstone reservoir, Neuquén Basin, Argentina Available to Purchase
Improving the classification of rock samples with diffusion probabilistic machine learning Available to Purchase
Discerning coastal-process signatures and architectural styles in tidal barforms from the deltaic western Paleozoic Gondwana shoreline: new insights about the Balcarce Formation, Argentina Available to Purchase
Evolution of a buried moat–drift system in the Ewing Terrace uncovering highly dynamic bottom currents at the Argentine margin from the early Oligocene to middle Miocene Available to Purchase
Application of the Vernik method for pore-pressure estimation in the Vaca Muerta Formation: Insights for geomechanical analysis and quantitative seismic interpretation in organic-rich mudrocks Available to Purchase
EVALUATING TRACE FOSSILS, FLUVIAL ARCHITECTURE, AND COLONIZATION PATTERNS IN CHANNEL AND OVERBANK DEPOSITS FROM THE MIOCENE VINCHINA FORMATION, WESTERN ARGENTINA Available to Purchase
Crustal bobbing in response to lithospheric foundering recorded by detrital proxy records from the central Andean Plateau Available to Purchase
Poldw: A Python code to denoise 3C seismic data with a new threshold-free polarization technique Available to Purchase
The influence of topography on subaqueous gravity flows: a case study from the Jurassic Los Molles Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina Available to Purchase
Structural control of igneous intrusions on fluid migration in sedimentary basins: the case study of large bitumen seeps at Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina Available to Purchase
Abstract Cooling subvolcanic igneous intrusions are known to have a tremendous impact on fluid flow in the shallow Earth's crust. However, the long-term post-cooling legacy of subvolcanic intrusions on fluid flow has received much less attention. Here we describe geological examples in the Andean foothills, Argentina, showing that igneous intrusions have long-term effects on fluid flow after their emplacement and cooling. The case study consists of ∼11 Myr-old eroded andesitic intrusions of Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina, at the rims of which large volumes of bitumen are naturally seeping out at the Earth's surface. The intrusions exhibit laccolithic shapes with steep-sided contacts with the host rock. Near the intrusive contacts, the andesite is intensely broken along concentric breccia bands and fracture bands, interpreted as resulting from syn-emplacement brittle magma deformation, which represent high-permeability pathways for the migrating bitumen. Organic geochemical analyses of the bitumen show that the seeping oils were generated from incipiently mature Vaca Muerta sections located in a regional kitchen to the west, implying a lateral migration of ∼10–20 km. The Cerro Alquitrán and Cerro La Paloma intrusions are demonstrative examples highlighting how extinct subvolcanic intrusions have long-term consequences for subsurface fluid circulations in sedimentary basins.
The Cara Cura intrusive complex, Neuquén Basin, Argentina: a field analogue of a whole igneous petroleum system Available to Purchase
Abstract This contribution presents a detailed geological study of a well-exposed igneous petroleum system at Sierra de Cara Cura, Neuquén Basin, Argentina, which consists of sills, dykes, laccoliths and hybrid intrusion morphologies. The size of the exposed intrusive complex (19 km in north–south direction) is similar to those of sill-clusters hosting producing oil fields of the nearby Río Grande Valley. Most sills (>80%) are preferentially emplaced in the organic-rich rocks such as Vaca Muerta and Agrio Formations. Sills are extensively fractured and represent potentially good fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. We document several fracturing mechanisms that can lead to heterogeneous fracture distribution. Laccoliths represent very different igneous reservoirs with a typical zonation: the core of the laccoliths are massive and poorly fractured, whereas the rims consist of a breccia formed during laccolith emplacement. The Vaca Muerta and Agrio Formations are thermally altered by the cooling of the sills. The deep parts of the outcropping laccoliths likely altered thermally the shale formations they were emplaced in. Hydrogen Index (HI) and Transformation Ratio (TR) of the organic matter are the best parameters to determine the thickness of the thermal aureole. The Sierra de Cara Cura appears as a world-class field analogue of igneous petroleum systems.
Characterization of a structural trap associated with an intrusive complex: the El Trapial oilfield, Neuquén Basin, Argentina Available to Purchase
Abstract Volcanic plumbing systems emplaced in sedimentary basins may exert significant mechanical and thermal effects on petroleum systems. The last decade of research has evidenced that igneous intrusions may enhance thermal maturation of organic matter in source rocks and lead to both small- and large-scale structures that can deeply impact fluid migration or trapping. This contribution describes how the emplacement of a whole intrusive complex generated a dome structure of the overburden, which is the main trapping structure of a large producing oilfield. Our case study is the lower Miocene Cerro Bayo de la Sierra Negra (CBSN) intrusive complex, Neuquén Basin, Argentina, associated with the El Trapial oilfield where the main trapping structure is a large domal antiform centred on the CBSN complex. This study integrates the large subsurface dataset produced during the development of the El Trapial oilfield. More than 1200 vertical wells (producers and injectors) have been drilled in the flanks of CBSN complex. In addition, five 3D seismic cubes have been acquired over the years that have been merged and reprocessed into a single volume. Such a dataset allows a detailed characterization of both the structure affecting the Mesozoic strata and the geometry of the intrusive complex. Igneous rocks have been recognized along the entire stratigraphic section. Sill intrusions appear to concentrate in the shale units and the stacking of them has a direct impact on the doming structure generation. Our study allowed us to establish a direct correlation between the distribution of the intrusions and the extent, amplitude and style of doming, showing that the dome structure results from the emplacement of the intrusive complex. We also show that part of the doming is related to intrusions emplaced in the Mesozoic formations of the Neuquén Basin, whereas the other part of the doming is related to deeper structures not imaged on the geophysical data. We estimate that the amplitude of the doming reaches up to c. 500 m. The voluminous subsurface data, combined with exposed outcrops, makes the CBSN complex a world-class case study for showing how the shallow plumbing system of a volcanic complex may control the growth of large-scale trapping structures for various fluids, such as drinkable water, geothermal fluids and hydrocarbons.
Exploration history of the igneous reservoirs of the Rio Grande Valley (Mendoza), Neuquén Basin (Argentina) Available to Purchase
Abstract Oil seeps related to igneous rocks in the Neuquén Basin have been known since pre-Hispanic times (sixteenth century) and have been explored in the southern Mendoza province since the late nineteenth century. In the 1980s, YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) began the exploration of igneous rocks as hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Río Grande Valley area. The possible productivity of these ‘unconventional’ reservoirs was recognized by studying outcrops and well data of sills and dykes emplaced in different formations of the fold and thrust belt of the northern Neuquén Basin. Mud-logging control and evaluations with drill stem tests (DST) were decisive to define these reservoirs as prospective. From petrographical reports on samples from outcrops and cores, six lithological types could be distinguished in the igneous units of this region. Recent works confirm that this volcanism belongs to two predominant cycles: from the late Oligocene to the Miocene (‘Molle’) and from the Middle to upper Miocene (‘Huincán’). Although in igneous reservoirs it is difficult to forecast the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR), sills that crosscut the source rocks of the Vaca Muerta and Agrio formations demonstrate surprisingly high production rates, although the number of wells for the complete development is always difficult to establish.
PORPHYRY COPPER RECURRENCE IN THE ANDES OF CHILE AND ARGENTINA Available to Purchase
Natural fracture density controls productivity in shale reservoirs Available to Purchase
Abstract Shale reservoirs host ubiquitous multi-scale natural fractures created by factors such as pore pressure build-up after petroleum generation and palaeo crustal stress changes during tectonic episodes. Natural fractures are among postulated drivers of stimulated shale well productivity and related variability. Quantifying the aforementioned role and optimizing recovery call for litho-structural assessments. In this interdisciplinary study, natural fracture density (fractures per unit length) for North and South American shales (Marcellus, Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Barnett, Fayetteville and Vaca Muerta) was estimated from published observations of outcrops, cores and borehole images. Associated production for the latest horizontal wells, drilled in the most productive locations (sweet spots), was normalized by lateral length and reservoir thickness. It was found to correlate positively with the density of small-scale natural fractures. Durations of transient linear flow, diagnosed from production data, were play-specific, negatively correlated with small-scale natural fracture density and led to realization of picodarcy matrix permeability. Conversely, large-scale (tectonic) fractures limit stimulation efficiency and pose environmental/induced seismicity risks. Therefore, stimulation-driven reactivation of small-scale fractures facilitates drainage and enhances well productivity. Relatedly, reservoir flow regimes and production decline curves are intricately controlled by interplay of natural fracture density and matrix permeability. Variability of these parameters calls for acreage-tailored stimulations.
Signal Post Hill and Agua de la Zorra: two geological sites studied by Charles Darwin on the Beagle voyage and their contributions to geoheritage Available to Purchase
Abstract Charles Darwin's research during the second voyage of HMS Beagle is examined within the context of Charles Lyell's ideas on crustal movement. Darwin's pre-voyage training is summarized and the impact on his own subsequent theorizing of his commitment early in the voyage to a Lyellian theoretical framework is analysed. Two sites studied by Darwin which he interpreted as strong support for Lyell's theory of vertical crustal mobility are examined: the first is Signal Post Hill in the Cape Verdes, visited in 1832; the second is Agua de la Zorra in Argentina, visited in 1835. Darwin's work at both sites was key to his first theory of globally-balanced elevation and subsidence as an explanation for the structure and distribution of coral reefs. The case is made that both sites are of international geoheritage importance and that their protection should be assured with enhanced access and interpretation.