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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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North America
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Rocky Mountains
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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San Juan Mountains (4)
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San Juan Basin (5)
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United States
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United States
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Colorado
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Archuleta County Colorado (11)
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Archuleta County Colorado
Thermal maturity patterns of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico
The ages of the continental, Upper Cretaceous, Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale based on a projection of ammonite zones from the Lewis Shale, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado
The Kirtland Shale or Fruitland Formation directly underlies the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary throughout most of the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico and southwest Colorado. These formations have been known to be Late Cretaceous in age since the early 1900s. Now, with the greatly renewed interest in rocks adjacent to mass extinction boundaries, it is important to place more precise ages on such rock units as the Fruitland and Kirtland. Deposition of the Fruitland and Kirtland was closely related to deposition of the underlying marine-regressive Pictured Cliffs Sandstone. Because the Pictured Cliffs was deposited as a strandline sandstone in a subsiding seaway, its stratigraphic expression, when related to a time horizon (the Huerfanito Bentonite Bed), is a series of rising-to-the-northeast, time transgressive, stair steps. Thus, time lines (or horizons) drawn parallel to the Huerfanito cut through the marine Lewis Shale, the strandline Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and the continental Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale. Ammonites have been collected and identified from various stratigraphic levels within the Lewis Shale around the northwest, north, and east sides of the San Juan Basin. These fossils can be tied in to the established ammonite zonation of the Western Interior seaway. Because some of these ammonite zones have been radiometrically dated outside the San Juan Basin, it is possible to project these dated faunal zones from the Lewis Shale along time lines into the Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale and thereby estimate the age of those rocks. Based on these projections the part of the Fruitland and Kirtland laterally time-equivalent to the Lewis Shale is estimated to range from 73.2 ± 0.7 Ma to 73.9 ± 0.8 Ma. The average age for this interval based on these dates is 73.5 ± 0.5 Ma; the maximum range of the interval at the 95 percent confidence level is 71.8 to 75.5 Ma. This age range puts these rocks in the Campanian Stage of the upper Cretaceous in the San Juan Basin.
Lithofacies relationships and depositional environment of the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone and related strata, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado
Lithofacies analysis of the Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone and related strata in the San Juan Basin indicates that Laramide (Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary) volcanism and uplift north of the present-day San Juan Basin controlled sedimentation patterns of Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks. Eight major lithofacies reflect changes in sedimentation that occurred during this time. The Ojo Alamo Sandstone is characterized in most areas of the San Juan Basin by a pebbly, trough-crossbedded lithofacies. A related channel-form sandstone and shale facies makes up the Ojo Alamo at Mesa Portales. Both lithofacies include both sediment derived from north of the present-day San Juan Basin and sediment eroded and reworked from (1) a carbonaceous shale and channel-form sandstone facies, (2) a shale and volcaniclastic sandstone facies, and (3) a volcaniclastic conglomerate and sandstone facies. The pebbly, trough-crossbedded lithofacies, which was deposited by streams on alluvial plains, differs in grain size, pebble composition, and transport direction on the east and west sides of the present-day basin. At least two distinct source areas for the streams are suggested by these differences. One source is in the area of the present-day Needle Mountains and western San Juan Mountains. A second source is located in the area of the central to eastern San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. Sediments deposited by alluvial streams in the western San Juan basin include sand- and pebble-size material. Initially, Ojo Alamo streams carried up to 25 percent volcanic pebbles reworked from the Animas Formation or from Upper Cretaceous andesitic flows in the source area. Later streams, however, carried an increasing percentage of quartz pebbles over volcanic pebbles. Lithofacies of the Ojo Alamo in the eastern San Juan Basin include channel sandstone and conglomerates and a channel-form sandstone and shale facies. Compared to sediments of the western alluvial complex, the eastern sediments (mapped as Ojo Alamo Sandstone, upper part of the Animas Formation, and Nacimiento Formation) are finer grained, contain few pebbles, contain less than 1 percent volcanic pebbles, and show different transport directions. Mudstone interbeds are thicker and more abundant, especially at Mesa Portales where an accompanying down-dip change in the alluvial system contributes to formation of the channel-form sandstone and shale lithofacies.