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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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North Africa
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Tunisia (1)
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Asia
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Arabian Peninsula
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Saudi Arabia (1)
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Far East
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China
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Dabie Mountains (1)
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Guangdong China
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Zhujiang River (1)
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North China Platform (1)
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Yangtze Platform (1)
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Yunnan China
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Lijiang China (1)
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-
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Ganges River (1)
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Indian Peninsula
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Bangladesh (1)
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Bengal (1)
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Ganges Delta (1)
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Ganges River basin (1)
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India
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West Bengal India (1)
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Atlantic Ocean
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North Atlantic
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North Sea (2)
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Australasia
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Australia
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Queensland Australia
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Canada
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Eastern Canada
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Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
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Fredericton New Brunswick (1)
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Ontario
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Bruce County Ontario (1)
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Cochrane District Ontario
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Oak Ridges Moraine (1)
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Quebec
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Monteregian Hills (1)
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Western Canada
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Alberta
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British Columbia (3)
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Indian Ocean
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Mexico
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North America
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Canadian Shield
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Dakota Aquifer (2)
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Michigan Basin (2)
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Williston Basin (1)
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Saint John River (1)
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South America
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Chile
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United States
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Atlantic Coastal Plain
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Chicot Aquifer (1)
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Connecticut (1)
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Delaware
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Michigan Lower Peninsula
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Ingham County Michigan (1)
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Midcontinent (1)
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South Carolina
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South Dakota (1)
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Tennessee
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Shelby County Tennessee
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Texas
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Grimes County Texas (1)
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Utah
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commodities
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mineral deposits, genesis (3)
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petroleum
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water resources (7)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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C-14 (2)
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chemical ratios (1)
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halogens
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bromine
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bromide ion (2)
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chlorine
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chloride ion (2)
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hydrogen
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D/H (4)
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deuterium (1)
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isotope ratios (9)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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C-14 (2)
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Sr-90 (1)
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stable isotopes
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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D/H (4)
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deuterium (1)
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (7)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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metals
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alkali metals
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sodium (1)
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alkaline earth metals
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strontium
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-90 (1)
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arsenic (1)
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iron
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ferrous iron (1)
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noble gases
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helium
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He-4/He-3 (1)
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oxygen
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dissolved oxygen (1)
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O-18/O-16 (7)
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fossils
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Invertebrata
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Cnidaria (1)
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Porifera
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Stromatoporoidea (1)
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microfossils (1)
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palynomorphs (1)
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geochronology methods
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Ar/Ar (1)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene (3)
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Pleistocene
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upper Pleistocene (3)
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-
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Tertiary
-
Catahoula Formation (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
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Fleming Formation (1)
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Pliocene (1)
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Paleogene
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Eocene
-
middle Eocene
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Claiborne Group (1)
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-
Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
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-
-
-
-
-
Lake Bonneville (1)
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Colorado Group (3)
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Dakota Formation (1)
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Lower Cretaceous
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Berriasian (1)
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Cheyenne Sandstone (1)
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Clearwater Formation (2)
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Kiowa Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (5)
-
McMurray Formation (4)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Belly River Formation (2)
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Cardium Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (2)
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-
Jurassic (2)
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Triassic (2)
-
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Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
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Upper Cambrian
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Eau Claire Formation (1)
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Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
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Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
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-
-
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (2)
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Middle Devonian
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Prairie Evaporite (2)
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Winnipegosis Formation (1)
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-
Slave Point Formation (1)
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Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Grosmont Formation (3)
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Nisku Formation (2)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Ordovician
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Middle Ordovician
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Galena Dolomite (1)
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Platteville Formation (1)
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-
Upper Ordovician
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Maquoketa Formation (1)
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Permian (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Antrim Shale (1)
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Bakken Formation (1)
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Phanerozoic (1)
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Precambrian
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upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Paleoproterozoic (2)
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-
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igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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flood basalts (1)
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-
-
metamorphic rocks
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metamorphic rocks
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metasomatic rocks
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skarn (1)
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minerals
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carbonates
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aragonite (1)
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calcite (1)
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dolomite (2)
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halides
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chlorides
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halite (1)
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silicates
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framework silicates
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silica minerals
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quartz (1)
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sheet silicates
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illite (2)
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sulfates
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anhydrite (1)
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sulfides (1)
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tungstates
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scheelite (1)
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-
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Primary terms
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absolute age (2)
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Africa
-
North Africa
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Tunisia (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Far East
-
China
-
Dabie Mountains (1)
-
Guangdong China
-
Zhujiang River (1)
-
-
North China Platform (1)
-
Yangtze Platform (1)
-
Yunnan China
-
Lijiang China (1)
-
-
-
-
Ganges River (1)
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Bangladesh (1)
-
Bengal (1)
-
Ganges Delta (1)
-
Ganges River basin (1)
-
India
-
West Bengal India (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
North Sea (2)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Northern Territory Australia (1)
-
Queensland Australia
-
Mount Isa Inlier (1)
-
-
-
-
bitumens (5)
-
brines (7)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Maritime Provinces
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New Brunswick
-
Fredericton New Brunswick (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Bruce County Ontario (1)
-
Cochrane District Ontario
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Timmins Ontario (1)
-
-
Oak Ridges Moraine (1)
-
-
Quebec
-
Monteregian Hills (1)
-
-
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta
-
Alberta Basin (7)
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Athabasca Oil Sands (5)
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Athabasca River (2)
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Peace River Arch (1)
-
-
Athabasca Basin (2)
-
British Columbia (3)
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Manitoba (1)
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Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
C-14 (2)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (3)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene (3)
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Catahoula Formation (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
Columbia River Basalt Group (1)
-
Fleming Formation (1)
-
-
Pliocene (1)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
middle Eocene
-
Claiborne Group (1)
-
-
-
Paleocene
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lower Paleocene
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Danian (1)
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-
-
-
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clay mineralogy (1)
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climate change (1)
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conservation (1)
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data processing (7)
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engineering geology (1)
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Europe
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Central Europe
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Germany
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Lower Saxony Germany
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Hanover Germany (1)
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Hungary (1)
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Pannonian Basin (1)
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Ukraine
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Kiev Ukraine
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Chernobyl Ukraine (1)
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-
-
Western Europe
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United Kingdom
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Great Britain
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England
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London Basin (1)
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London England (1)
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-
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faults (6)
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geochemistry (13)
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geophysical methods (19)
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glacial geology (1)
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ground water (68)
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heat flow (3)
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hydrogen
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D/H (4)
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deuterium (1)
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hydrogeology (7)
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hydrology (3)
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igneous rocks
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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flood basalts (1)
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-
-
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inclusions
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fluid inclusions (2)
-
-
Indian Ocean
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Arabian Sea
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Persian Gulf (1)
-
-
-
Invertebrata
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Cnidaria (1)
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Porifera
-
Stromatoporoidea (1)
-
-
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
C-14 (2)
-
Sr-90 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
D/H (4)
-
deuterium (1)
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
land subsidence (3)
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land use (2)
-
Mediterranean region (1)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Colorado Group (3)
-
Dakota Formation (1)
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Berriasian (1)
-
Cheyenne Sandstone (1)
-
Clearwater Formation (2)
-
Kiowa Formation (1)
-
Mannville Group (5)
-
McMurray Formation (4)
-
Neocomian (1)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
-
Belly River Formation (2)
-
Cardium Formation (1)
-
-
Viking Formation (2)
-
-
Jurassic (2)
-
Triassic (2)
-
-
metal ores
-
copper ores (3)
-
gold ores (1)
-
lead ores (3)
-
lead-zinc deposits (4)
-
silver ores (1)
-
uranium ores (2)
-
zinc ores (4)
-
-
metals
-
alkali metals
-
sodium (1)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-90 (1)
-
-
-
arsenic (1)
-
iron
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metasomatic rocks
-
skarn (1)
-
-
-
metamorphism (1)
-
metasomatism (1)
-
Mexico
-
Yucatan Mexico (2)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (3)
-
mining geology (1)
-
noble gases
-
helium
-
He-4/He-3 (1)
-
-
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Appalachian Plateau (1)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (1)
-
-
-
Dakota Aquifer (2)
-
Great Plains (1)
-
Gulf Coastal Plain (1)
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Michigan Basin (2)
-
Saint Lawrence Lowlands (1)
-
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (3)
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Williston Basin (1)
-
-
nuclear facilities (1)
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (7)
-
-
paleogeography (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Cambrian
-
Upper Cambrian
-
Eau Claire Formation (1)
-
Mount Simon Sandstone (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
-
Mississippian
-
Lower Mississippian
-
Kinderhookian
-
Banff Formation (1)
-
-
-
-
Pennsylvanian (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Keg River Formation (2)
-
Middle Devonian
-
Prairie Evaporite (2)
-
Winnipegosis Formation (1)
-
-
Slave Point Formation (1)
-
Swan Hills Formation (1)
-
Upper Devonian
-
Grosmont Formation (3)
-
Nisku Formation (2)
-
-
Waterways Formation (1)
-
-
Exshaw Formation (1)
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Galena Dolomite (1)
-
Platteville Formation (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician
-
Maquoketa Formation (1)
-
-
-
Permian (1)
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Antrim Shale (1)
-
Bakken Formation (1)
-
-
-
palynomorphs (1)
-
paragenesis (2)
-
petroleum
-
natural gas
-
coalbed methane (1)
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
plate tectonics (1)
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pollution (13)
-
Precambrian
-
upper Precambrian
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Proterozoic
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Isan Orogeny (1)
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Mesoproterozoic (1)
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Paleoproterozoic (2)
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reefs (3)
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remote sensing (2)
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rock mechanics (3)
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sea water (1)
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sea-level changes (2)
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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chalk (2)
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dolostone (1)
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limestone (4)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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evaporites (2)
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clastic rocks
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black shale (1)
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conglomerate (1)
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mudstone (2)
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sandstone (9)
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shale (6)
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oil sands (6)
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sedimentary structures
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planar bedding structures
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secondary structures
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sedimentation (4)
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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mud (1)
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sand (2)
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till (1)
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shorelines (2)
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soil mechanics (1)
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soils (1)
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South America
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Chile
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Antofagasta Chile (1)
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Atacama Desert (1)
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springs (1)
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stratigraphy (2)
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tectonics
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neotectonics (1)
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tunnels (2)
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United States
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Atlantic Coastal Plain
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Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain (1)
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Chicot Aquifer (1)
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Columbia Plateau (1)
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Connecticut (1)
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Delaware
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Kent County Delaware
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Dover Air Force Base (1)
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Evangeline Aquifer (1)
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Florida (1)
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High Plains Aquifer (1)
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Idaho (1)
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Illinois
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Jefferson County Illinois (1)
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Illinois Basin (1)
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
aquitards
Investigating seawater intrusion and salinization using the integration of hydrochemical and geoelectrical techniques Available to Purchase
Scheelite composition fingerprints pulsed flow of magmatic fluid in the Fujiashan W skarn deposit, eastern China Available to Purchase
Groundwater control for construction projects in chalk Available to Purchase
Abstract Construction excavations and tunnels in chalk can encounter groundwater challenges, including high water flow rates, instability of excavations in weathered chalk and basal instability in overlying aquitards caused by high groundwater pressures in deeper chalk aquifers. In hydrogeological settings where the chalk has been exposed to periglacial weathering during the Quaternary Period the upper zones may be degraded to structureless chalk which can potentially be of very low hydraulic conductivity (putty chalk) or very high hydraulic conductivity (chalk bearings). In deeper, structured chalk groundwater flow tends to be concentrated along fissures associated with pre-existing geological structures such as bedding planes, flint beds or faults. A range of groundwater control strategies can be deployed, including open pumping, pre-drainage pumping, shallow and deep cut-off walls, ground treatment and, for tunnels and shafts, application of fluid counter pressures to exclude groundwater. The strategy appropriate to a given site must be selected based on a thorough understanding of the hydrogeological setting and chalk weathering profile. This requires a ground investigation of appropriate scope, using suitable techniques to characterize the chalk. Borehole geophysics can play a key role in identifying discrete zones of inflow.
Strategic deep aquifer valley characterization using an integrated geophysical approach (Central Tunisia, southern Mediterranean arid province) Available to Purchase
Possible Fault Communication between the Memphis Sand Aquifer and the Mississippi River Available to Purchase
Evolutionary history of the groundwater system in the Pearl River Delta (China) during the Holocene Available to Purchase
Land Subsidence Due to Creep of the Gulf Coast Aquifer System in the Houston-Galveston Region Open Access
Analytical Study on the Tidal Wave Propagation Coupled with Vertical Leakage from a Vertically Heterogeneous Aquitard in a Coastal Leaky Aquifer System Open Access
Influence of hydrostratigraphy on the distribution of groundwater arsenic in the transboundary Ganges River delta aquifer system, India and Bangladesh Available to Purchase
Unsaturated Flow Influences the Response of Leaky Aquifer to Earth Tides Open Access
Improved hydrogeophysical imaging by structural coupling of 2D magnetic resonance and electrical resistivity tomography Open Access
Land Subsidence due to Leakage of Aquitard-aquifer Pore Water in an Under-construction Tunnel of East-West Metro Railway Project, Kolkata Available to Purchase
Overburden characterization with formation pore pressure and anisotropic stress field estimation in the Athabasca Basin, Canada Available to Purchase
Conceptual hydrogeological model of the Yonge Street Aquifer, south-central Ontario: a glaciofluvial channel–fan setting Available to Purchase
Hydrogeologic modeling supported by geologic mapping in three dimensions: Do the details really matter? Available to Purchase
Abstract A detailed geologic framework model was utilized for groundwater analysis using a fully three-dimensional variably saturated flow model. The geologic framework model, which was developed by a team of glacial geologists from federal and state geological surveys, was fully three-dimensional and did not contain the usual (unrealistic) assumption of widespread aquifer layers separated by leaky aquitard layers of equal extent. The goal of the analysis was to explore the implications of the new generation of geologic framework models for regional groundwater flow, and particularly, groundwater–surface water interactions. A transient numerical simulation, using infiltration at the ground surface as a boundary condition, revealed rich flow complexity, including: (1) widespread, yet patchy, recharge areas with rates that vary through several orders of magnitude, with the recharge rates being statistically correlated to hydraulic conductivity of the vadose zone sediments, elevation, and ground surface slope; (2) the predominance of local flow systems, resulting in an abundance of seepage zones along the sides of the incised (postglacial) stream valleys, and other manifestations of the high water table and strong groundwater–surface water interaction, such as kettle lakes and wetlands; and (3) existence of partially confined aquifers owing to partial burial of deltaic deposits by moraines and lake-bottom deposits having slow vertical permeability. Taken together, these findings support the need for, and value of, high-resolution geologic framework models and the potential fruitful outcome of strong collaboration between glacial geologists and groundwater modelers.
Hydraulic properties of the Paskapoo Formation in west-central Alberta Available to Purchase
Hypogenic karst beneath the Athabasca Oil Sands: Implications for oil sands mining operations Available to Purchase
Engineering investigation and assessment Available to Purchase
Abstract Ground affected by periglacial and glacial processes can be among the most variable formed by nature. Previous chapters have graphically illustrated this variability and explained the topographic and sedimentary associations to be expected within former and present-day cold regions. This chapter shows how that background is needed to design and execute an investigation for predicting either the ground response to engineering change or the volumes of material the ground contains. Such an investigation of the ground is also needed to explain its current and former state of stability on slopes and its natural groundwater flow. The starting point of any such investigation is a conceptual model of the ground which subsequent investigation tests and refines; investigations conducted without such a model can easily become sterile and expensive exercises in collecting data. Such a model starts with knowledge of landscape, cold climate processes and their products, initially refined with the aid of a desk study. This then develops with each phase of the investigation, starting with what is known via desk studies, and progressing through what can be readily seen by walkover surveys and shallow investigations, including surface geophysics and remote sensing, all leading towards a model that can be tested directly by various intrusive investigations. Techniques appropriate for such investigations, including sampling, in glaciated and frost-disturbed ground both onshore and offshore are reviewed. Great care must be taken with the description of coarse materials, glaciotectonic structures and the materials within them; a unique feature of this chapter is the correlation it presents between the engineering descriptions of glacial sediments, as used in ground engineering, and the descriptions used by glacial sedimentologists for the same materials. Water levels are also obtained during these investigations, and in these types of ground they are often misinterpreted by applying thinking more appropriate to aquifer hydrogeology. A surprising feature of glaciated ground is its low permeability overall, and the correct interpretation of heads measured in such environments is often that for aquitards rather than aquifers. The initial conceptual model starts with little more than an idea and a broad outline, and evolves as the investigation progresses. It should continue to evolve throughout construction as more and more of the ground is exposed and its behaviour is better known; in this way, the ground model can be thought of as a living document, especially appropriate in such variable ground. The chapter concludes with a review of how this information can be brought together as three-dimensional models that effectively communicate the knowns and unknowns of a volume of ground and their associated risks, in both deterministic and probabilistic ways.