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GeoRef Subject
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all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
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Africa
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Central Africa
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Congo Democratic Republic (1)
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Lake Kivu (1)
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Congo Craton (1)
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East Africa
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Mozambique
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Tanzania (3)
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Zambia (2)
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East African Lakes
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Limpopo Belt (4)
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North Africa
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Egypt
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Eastern Desert (1)
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Nubian Shield (1)
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Southern Africa
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Namibia
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South Africa
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Cape Province region (2)
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Free State South Africa
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Vredefort Dome (2)
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KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
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Tugela Basin (1)
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Swaziland (2)
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West Africa
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Antarctica
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Svalbard
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Asia
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Gujarat India
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Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland
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Ontario
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Caribbean region
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Kyrgyzstan
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Russian Federation
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Irkutsk Russian Federation (6)
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Karelia Russian Federation (2)
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Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
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Italy
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Peru-Chile Trench (1)
-
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North Pacific
-
Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
-
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
-
-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
-
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Pioneer Mountains (1)
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Ranger Mine (1)
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Russian Platform
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Russian Fennoscandia (2)
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South America
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Andes
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Argentina
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Brazil
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Borborema Province (1)
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Quadrilatero Ferrifero (2)
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Para Brazil
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Carajas mineral province (2)
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Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (1)
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Sao Francisco Craton (2)
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Chile (2)
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Colombia
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Guiana Shield (1)
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Peru (2)
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Venezuelan Islands
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United States
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Alabama
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California
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Wet Mountains (2)
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Delaware
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Georgia
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Bartow County Georgia
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Cartersville Georgia (3)
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Harris County Georgia (2)
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Maryland (1)
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Montana
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Tobacco Root Mountains (1)
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Park County Montana (1)
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Nevada
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New Mexico
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Manzano Mountains (1)
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Tusas Mountains (1)
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New York
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Adirondack Mountains (9)
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Jefferson County New York (1)
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Orange County New York (1)
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Saint Lawrence County New York (2)
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North Carolina
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Ashe County North Carolina (2)
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Clay County North Carolina (1)
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Oregon (7)
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Pennsylvania
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Texas
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Absaroka Range
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Utah
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Garfield County Utah (1)
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Vermont
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Virginia
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Washington
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Skagit County Washington (2)
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Western U.S. (2)
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Wyoming
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Voltri Group (1)
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commodities
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mineral deposits, genesis (53)
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ruby (2)
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elements, isotopes
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carbon
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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chemical ratios (7)
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halogens
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chlorine (2)
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fluorine (1)
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hydrogen
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D/H (2)
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incompatible elements (1)
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isotope ratios (69)
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isotopes
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radioactive isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (3)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
Ar-40/Ar-39 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (5)
-
D/H (2)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (18)
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (33)
-
O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (19)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (31)
-
-
-
Lu/Hf (12)
-
metals
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actinides
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uranium (3)
-
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alkali metals
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lithium (1)
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potassium (1)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
-
-
alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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calcium (4)
-
magnesium
-
Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
-
-
strontium
-
Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (31)
-
-
-
aluminum (2)
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arsenic (1)
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chromium (1)
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gold (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (18)
-
-
iron
-
ferrous iron (1)
-
-
lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
-
-
manganese (3)
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nickel (2)
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niobium (8)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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-
palladium (1)
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palladium ores (1)
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platinum ores (3)
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precious metals (1)
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rare earths
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cerium (1)
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europium (4)
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lanthanum (1)
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lutetium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (33)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
-
-
scandium (1)
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yttrium (6)
-
-
rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
silver (1)
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tantalum (4)
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thallium (1)
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titanium (9)
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tungsten (1)
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zinc (5)
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zirconium (4)
-
-
noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (3)
-
-
-
oxygen
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O-18 (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (19)
-
-
selenium (1)
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sulfur
-
S-34/S-32 (5)
-
-
-
fossils
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Chordata
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Vertebrata (1)
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microfossils
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Conodonta (1)
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-
geochronology methods
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(U-Th)/He (2)
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Ar/Ar (41)
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fission-track dating (1)
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K/Ar (16)
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Lu/Hf (12)
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optical mineralogy (2)
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paleomagnetism (4)
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Pb/Pb (7)
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Rb/Sr (21)
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Sm/Nd (27)
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Th/U (2)
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thermochronology (2)
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U/Pb (110)
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U/Th/Pb (5)
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geologic age
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Cenozoic
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Quaternary
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Holocene
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Neolithic (1)
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Pleistocene
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lower Pleistocene
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Calabrian (1)
-
-
-
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Stone Age
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Neolithic (1)
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Tertiary
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lower Tertiary (1)
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middle Tertiary (1)
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Neogene
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Miocene
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lower Miocene (2)
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Sarmatian (1)
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upper Miocene (1)
-
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Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
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Eocene
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lower Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene (1)
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
-
Dalradian (2)
-
Mesozoic
-
Cretaceous
-
Lower Cretaceous
-
Albian (1)
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Aptian (2)
-
-
Upper Cretaceous
-
Bearpaw Formation (1)
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Campanian (1)
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Cenomanian (2)
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Maestrichtian (1)
-
Senonian (2)
-
-
-
Franciscan Complex (4)
-
Jurassic
-
Coast Range Ophiolite (3)
-
Lower Jurassic
-
Pliensbachian (1)
-
-
Middle Jurassic
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Callovian (1)
-
-
Smartville Complex (1)
-
Upper Jurassic
-
Galice Formation (1)
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Josephine Ophiolite (2)
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Oxfordian (1)
-
-
-
lower Mesozoic (2)
-
Orocopia Schist (1)
-
Triassic
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Middle Triassic (1)
-
Upper Triassic (1)
-
-
upper Mesozoic (1)
-
-
Moldanubian (1)
-
Paleozoic
-
Acatlan Complex (3)
-
Cambrian
-
Lower Cambrian (7)
-
Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (1)
-
-
-
Carboniferous
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Chilliwack Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian (1)
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Westerly Granite (1)
-
-
Upper Carboniferous (1)
-
-
Devonian
-
Middle Devonian (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (2)
-
Upper Devonian (1)
-
-
lower Paleozoic
-
Ashe Formation (2)
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Bay of Islands Ophiolite (2)
-
Chopawamsic Formation (1)
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Glenarm Series (1)
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Wilmington Complex (1)
-
-
middle Paleozoic (2)
-
Ordovician
-
Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (1)
-
-
Middle Ordovician
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Ammonoosuc Volcanics (1)
-
-
Upper Ordovician (2)
-
-
Permian
-
Coconino Sandstone (1)
-
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Shoo Fly Complex (1)
-
Silurian
-
Lower Silurian (1)
-
Middle Silurian (1)
-
Upper Silurian (1)
-
-
upper Paleozoic
-
Calaveras Formation (1)
-
-
Wissahickon Formation (2)
-
-
Phanerozoic (2)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Kalgoorlie System (2)
-
Mesoarchean (10)
-
Neoarchean
-
Amitsoq Gneiss (1)
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Dharwar Supergroup (1)
-
Jiaodong Group (1)
-
Sargur Group (1)
-
-
Paleoarchean (4)
-
Peninsular Gneiss (1)
-
-
Baltimore Gneiss (1)
-
Central Rand Group (2)
-
Delhi Supergroup (2)
-
Hecla Hoek Formation (1)
-
Lewisian Complex (1)
-
Pongola Supergroup (1)
-
Purcell System (1)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Mahakoshal Group (1)
-
Proterozoic
-
Damara System (1)
-
Keweenawan (1)
-
Kombolgie Formation (2)
-
Lewisian (2)
-
Mesoproterozoic
-
Belt Supergroup (3)
-
Calymmian (1)
-
Laxfordian (1)
-
Missoula Group (2)
-
Soldiers Cap Group (1)
-
-
Neoproterozoic
-
Brioverian (2)
-
Cryogenian (1)
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Ediacaran (1)
-
Horsethief Creek Group (1)
-
Infracambrian (3)
-
Moine Supergroup (2)
-
Riphean (3)
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Tonian (2)
-
Vendian (3)
-
-
Ortega Group (1)
-
Paleoproterozoic
-
Birimian (1)
-
Orosirian (1)
-
Rhyacian (1)
-
Statherian (1)
-
-
Roan Supergroup (1)
-
-
-
Vadito Group (1)
-
-
-
igneous rocks
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igneous rocks
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carbonatites (3)
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kimberlite (2)
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picrite (4)
-
plutonic rocks
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anorthosite (5)
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diabase
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tholeiitic dolerite (1)
-
-
diorites
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plagiogranite (4)
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quartz diorites (7)
-
tonalite
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enderbite (1)
-
-
trondhjemite (7)
-
-
gabbros
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anorthositic gabbro (1)
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microgabbro (1)
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norite (6)
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olivine gabbro (1)
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troctolite (4)
-
-
granites
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alkali granites (1)
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aplite (3)
-
A-type granites (3)
-
biotite granite (2)
-
charnockite (5)
-
I-type granites (2)
-
leucogranite (6)
-
monzogranite (5)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (15)
-
lamproite (1)
-
lamprophyres
-
minette (1)
-
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (1)
-
pegmatite (30)
-
syenites
-
albitite (2)
-
alkali syenites (1)
-
nepheline syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
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hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (4)
-
garnet lherzolite (1)
-
harzburgite (5)
-
lherzolite (3)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
orthopyroxenite (2)
-
websterite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (2)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites
-
boninite (2)
-
-
basalts
-
alkali basalts (1)
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (16)
-
ocean-island basalts (3)
-
shoshonite (1)
-
tholeiite (11)
-
tholeiitic basalt (3)
-
-
basanite
-
ankaramite (1)
-
-
dacites (2)
-
komatiite (5)
-
pyroclastics
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (1)
-
-
rhyodacites (1)
-
rhyolites
-
quartz porphyry (1)
-
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
ophiolite (48)
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites
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orthoamphibolite (9)
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para-amphibolite (1)
-
-
cataclasites (2)
-
eclogite (41)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
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augen gneiss (2)
-
banded gneiss (2)
-
biotite gneiss (6)
-
granite gneiss (9)
-
orthogneiss (24)
-
paragneiss (13)
-
-
granulites
-
leptite (7)
-
-
hornfels (1)
-
impactites
-
impact breccia (2)
-
-
marbles
-
calciphyre (1)
-
-
metaigneous rocks
-
metabasalt (16)
-
metabasite (25)
-
metadiabase (8)
-
metadiorite (2)
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metagabbro (20)
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metagranite (4)
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metakomatiite (3)
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metaperidotite (2)
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metapyroxenite (1)
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metatuff (1)
-
serpentinite (17)
-
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metaplutonic rocks (3)
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metasedimentary rocks
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khondalite (1)
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metachert (2)
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metaconglomerate (1)
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metagraywacke (2)
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metapelite (23)
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metasandstone (2)
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paragneiss (13)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
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rodingite (2)
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serpentinite (17)
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skarn (8)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (18)
-
migmatites (22)
-
mylonites
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blastomylonite (1)
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pseudotachylite (2)
-
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phyllites (5)
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phyllonites (2)
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quartzites (27)
-
schists
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blueschist (16)
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chlorite schist (1)
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glaucophane schist (1)
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greenschist (15)
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greenstone (8)
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hornblende schist (1)
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muscovite schist (2)
-
-
slates (3)
-
-
ophiolite (48)
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turbidite (1)
-
-
minerals
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arsenides
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arsenopyrite (2)
-
-
carbonates
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aragonite (1)
-
calcite (4)
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dolomite (2)
-
magnesite (1)
-
-
halides
-
fluorides
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clinohumite (2)
-
triplite (1)
-
-
-
hydrates (1)
-
minerals (31)
-
native elements
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diamond (4)
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graphite (1)
-
-
oxides
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cassiterite (3)
-
chrome spinel (2)
-
chromite (2)
-
corundum (3)
-
gahnite (1)
-
hematite (2)
-
hercynite (2)
-
hoegbomite (1)
-
ilmenite (4)
-
iron oxides (2)
-
magnetite (7)
-
niobates
-
aeschynite (1)
-
columbite (1)
-
euxenite (1)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
tapiolite (1)
-
-
rutile (11)
-
spinel (6)
-
spinel group (1)
-
tantalates
-
euxenite (1)
-
ixiolite (1)
-
microlite (1)
-
tantalite (1)
-
wodginite (1)
-
-
titanium oxides (1)
-
uraninite (2)
-
-
phosphates
-
apatite (3)
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (16)
-
triphylite (1)
-
triplite (1)
-
xenotime (2)
-
-
selenides (1)
-
silicates
-
chain silicates
-
aenigmatite group
-
sapphirine (4)
-
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
actinolite (4)
-
cummingtonite (4)
-
glaucophane (3)
-
hastingsite (1)
-
hornblende (40)
-
kaersutite (1)
-
nephrite (1)
-
pargasite (2)
-
tremolite (1)
-
-
orthoamphibole
-
anthophyllite (3)
-
gedrite (6)
-
holmquistite (1)
-
-
-
prehnite (2)
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (2)
-
chrome diopside (1)
-
diopside (3)
-
jadeite (1)
-
omphacite (3)
-
spodumene (3)
-
-
orthopyroxene
-
hypersthene (2)
-
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
adularia (1)
-
hyalophane (2)
-
K-feldspar (6)
-
microcline (1)
-
perthite (1)
-
-
barium feldspar
-
hyalophane (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (3)
-
andesine (1)
-
anorthite (5)
-
labradorite (1)
-
oligoclase (1)
-
-
-
nepheline group
-
nepheline (1)
-
-
scapolite group
-
scapolite (2)
-
-
silica minerals
-
coesite (1)
-
quartz (13)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (3)
-
chloritoid (1)
-
chondrodite (1)
-
clinohumite (2)
-
garnet group
-
almandine (1)
-
andradite (1)
-
grossular (1)
-
-
kyanite (7)
-
olivine group
-
olivine (8)
-
-
sillimanite (5)
-
staurolite (7)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (13)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (112)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
allanite (3)
-
epidote (7)
-
zoisite (2)
-
-
kornerupine (1)
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
beryl (1)
-
cordierite (5)
-
emerald (1)
-
tourmaline group
-
dravite (1)
-
schorl (1)
-
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (4)
-
-
clay minerals
-
beidellite (1)
-
kaolinite (1)
-
saponite (1)
-
vermiculite (2)
-
-
illite (2)
-
margarite (1)
-
mica group
-
biotite (25)
-
fuchsite (1)
-
lepidolite (1)
-
muscovite (17)
-
phengite (1)
-
phlogopite (3)
-
polylithionite (1)
-
-
sericite (1)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
serpentine (1)
-
-
talc (1)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
aikinite (1)
-
arsenopyrite (2)
-
bismuthinite (1)
-
bornite (1)
-
chalcopyrite (2)
-
copper sulfides (1)
-
galena (1)
-
joseite (1)
-
marcasite (1)
-
molybdenite (1)
-
pentlandite (2)
-
pyrite (2)
-
pyrrhotite (1)
-
stannoidite (1)
-
tetradymite (1)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfantimonites
-
bournonite (1)
-
freibergite (1)
-
tetrahedrite (1)
-
-
sulfarsenites
-
tennantite (1)
-
-
sulfobismuthites
-
berryite (1)
-
cosalite (1)
-
emplectite (1)
-
gustavite (1)
-
matildite (1)
-
wittichenite (1)
-
-
-
tellurides
-
joseite (1)
-
tetradymite (1)
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (4)
-
-
ultrabasite (1)
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (186)
-
Africa
-
Central Africa
-
Congo Democratic Republic (1)
-
Lake Kivu (1)
-
-
Congo Craton (1)
-
East Africa
-
Mozambique
-
Tete Mozambique (1)
-
-
Tanzania (3)
-
Zambia (2)
-
-
East African Lakes
-
Lake Kivu (1)
-
-
Limpopo Belt (4)
-
Madagascar (1)
-
Mozambique Belt (1)
-
North Africa
-
Egypt
-
Eastern Desert (1)
-
-
-
Nubian Shield (1)
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
Botswana (1)
-
Kaapvaal Craton (6)
-
Kalahari Craton (1)
-
Karoo Basin (1)
-
Namaqualand (3)
-
Namaqualand metamorphic complex (1)
-
Namibia
-
Kaoko Belt (1)
-
-
South Africa
-
Bushveld Complex (1)
-
Cape Province region (2)
-
Free State South Africa
-
Vredefort Dome (2)
-
-
KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
-
Tugela Basin (1)
-
-
-
Swaziland (2)
-
-
West Africa
-
Cameroon (2)
-
Chad (1)
-
Ghana (1)
-
Guinea (1)
-
Ivory Coast (1)
-
Liberia (2)
-
Mauritania (1)
-
Nimba Mountains (1)
-
Togo (1)
-
-
West African Shield (1)
-
-
Antarctica
-
East Antarctica (2)
-
Queen Maud Land (1)
-
-
Arctic Ocean
-
Barents Sea
-
White Sea (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
Godthabsfjord (2)
-
Nuuk Greenland (2)
-
South Greenland (2)
-
West Greenland (5)
-
-
Svalbard
-
Spitsbergen
-
Spitsbergen Island
-
Ny Friesland (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Asia
-
Altai Mountains
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Altai Russian Federation
-
Gorny Altai (2)
-
-
Arabian Peninsula
-
Arabian Shield (1)
-
Oman
-
Oman Mountains (1)
-
-
Saudi Arabia (1)
-
-
Baikal region (3)
-
Buryat Russian Federation (1)
-
Central Asia
-
Kazakhstan
-
Eastern Kazakhstan (1)
-
Kokchetav Kazakhstan
-
Kokchetav Massif (1)
-
-
-
-
Chukotka Russian Federation
-
Chukchi Peninsula (1)
-
-
Far East
-
Burma (2)
-
China
-
Chongqing China (1)
-
Dabie Mountains (2)
-
Fujian China (1)
-
Gansu China (3)
-
Hebei China (1)
-
Heilongjiang China (1)
-
Henan China (1)
-
Hubei China (1)
-
Inner Mongolia China (2)
-
Jiangsu China (1)
-
North China Platform (10)
-
Qilian Mountains (2)
-
Qinling Mountains (3)
-
Shaanxi China (1)
-
Shandong China
-
Shandong Peninsula (1)
-
-
Shanxi China (1)
-
South China Block (2)
-
Sulu Terrane (1)
-
Tarim Platform (3)
-
Xinjiang China
-
Junggar (2)
-
Tarim Basin (1)
-
-
Xizang China
-
Gangdese Belt (3)
-
Lhasa Block (4)
-
-
Yangtze Platform (2)
-
Yunnan China (1)
-
-
Indochina (1)
-
Japan
-
Hokkaido
-
Hidaka metamorphic belt (1)
-
-
Shikoku
-
Ehime Japan (1)
-
-
-
Korea
-
South Korea (2)
-
-
Laos (1)
-
Luzon Arc (1)
-
Mongolia
-
Mongolian Altai (1)
-
-
Taiwan (3)
-
Vietnam (1)
-
-
Himalayas
-
Kumaun Himalayas (1)
-
Lesser Himalayas (1)
-
Nanga Parbat (2)
-
-
Indian Peninsula
-
Afghanistan (1)
-
India
-
Andhra Pradesh India
-
Anantapur India (2)
-
Khammam India (2)
-
Nellore India (1)
-
Nellore mica belt (1)
-
Prakasam India (2)
-
-
Bastar Craton (2)
-
Bihar India (3)
-
Bundelkhand (2)
-
Chhattisgarh India
-
Bastar India (2)
-
Raipur India (1)
-
-
Deccan Plateau (1)
-
Dharwar Craton (8)
-
Ghats
-
Eastern Ghats (1)
-
-
Gujarat India
-
Panch Mahals India (1)
-
-
Haryana India
-
Narnaul India (1)
-
-
Himachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Jharkhand India
-
Palamau India (1)
-
-
Karnataka India
-
Chitradurga India (1)
-
Closepet Granite (2)
-
-
Kerala India (2)
-
Kolar India (1)
-
Kolar schist belt (1)
-
Madhya Pradesh India (3)
-
Maharashtra India
-
Nagpur India (1)
-
-
Northeastern India
-
Arunachal Pradesh India (1)
-
Assam India (1)
-
-
Rajasthan India
-
Aravalli Range (2)
-
Bhilwara India (1)
-
Mangalwar Complex (2)
-
Udaipur India (2)
-
-
Shillong Plateau (1)
-
Southern Granulite Terrain (1)
-
Tamil Nadu India
-
Chennai India (1)
-
-
Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Basin (1)
-
Uttar Pradesh India (1)
-
Uttarakhand India
-
Garhwal India (1)
-
-
-
Indian Shield (1)
-
Indus Valley (1)
-
Jammu and Kashmir
-
Kashmir (1)
-
Ladakh (3)
-
Nanga Parbat (2)
-
-
Kohistan (4)
-
Pakistan
-
North-West Frontier Pakistan
-
Swat Pakistan (2)
-
-
Punjab Pakistan
-
Salt Range (1)
-
-
-
-
Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (2)
-
Irkutsk Russian Federation (6)
-
Kamchatka Russian Federation
-
Kamchatka Peninsula (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Kyrgyzstan
-
Chatkal Range (1)
-
-
Magadan Russian Federation (1)
-
Main Boundary Fault (1)
-
Main Central Thrust (1)
-
Middle East
-
Cyprus (1)
-
Iran (2)
-
Israel (1)
-
Syria (1)
-
Turkey
-
Anatolia (2)
-
Ankara Turkey (1)
-
Izmir Turkey (1)
-
Taurus Mountains (2)
-
-
-
Omolon Block (1)
-
Russian Far East (1)
-
Russian Pacific region (1)
-
Sayan
-
Eastern Sayan (4)
-
-
Siberia (2)
-
Siberian fold belt (3)
-
Siberian Platform (4)
-
Southeast Asia (2)
-
Tibetan Plateau (5)
-
Tien Shan
-
Chatkal Range (1)
-
-
Tuva Russian Federation (1)
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Caribbean Sea
-
Cayman Trough (1)
-
Nicaragua Rise (1)
-
-
Northwest Atlantic (1)
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean Islands
-
Shetland Islands (1)
-
-
Atlantic region (1)
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Lachlan fold belt (1)
-
New South Wales Australia (3)
-
Northern Territory Australia
-
Jabiluka Australia (1)
-
-
Queensland Australia
-
Cannington Deposit (2)
-
Cloncurry mining district (1)
-
Mount Isa Inlier (2)
-
-
Victoria Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (2)
-
Murchison Province (1)
-
Pilbara Craton (1)
-
Yilgarn Craton (5)
-
-
-
New Zealand (1)
-
-
barite deposits (1)
-
biography (1)
-
brines (1)
-
Canada
-
Eastern Canada
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
Gander Zone (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick (1)
-
Nova Scotia
-
Cape Breton Island (1)
-
-
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Labrador (5)
-
Newfoundland
-
Baie Verte Peninsula (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Hastings County Ontario
-
Bancroft Ontario (1)
-
-
Peterborough County Ontario (1)
-
Renfrew County Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury Basin (1)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (2)
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (1)
-
-
Gaspe Peninsula (2)
-
Pontiac County Quebec (1)
-
Saguenay County Quebec (1)
-
Thetford Mines (1)
-
-
-
Elzevir Terrane (1)
-
Labrador Trough (1)
-
Nunavut
-
Baffin Island (1)
-
-
Ungava (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Alberta (1)
-
British Columbia
-
Esplanade Range (1)
-
Vancouver Island (1)
-
-
Canadian Cordillera (4)
-
Canadian Rocky Mountains
-
Esplanade Range (1)
-
-
Manitoba
-
Bernic Lake (1)
-
Tanco Pegmatite (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Great Slave Lake (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan
-
Wollaston Lake Belt (1)
-
-
Yukon Territory (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (5)
-
-
Caribbean region
-
West Indies
-
Antilles
-
Greater Antilles
-
Cuba (2)
-
Hispaniola
-
Dominican Republic (3)
-
-
Puerto Rico (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Pleistocene
-
lower Pleistocene
-
Calabrian (1)
-
-
-
-
Stone Age
-
Neolithic (1)
-
-
Tertiary
-
lower Tertiary (1)
-
middle Tertiary (1)
-
Neogene
-
Miocene
-
lower Miocene (2)
-
Sarmatian (1)
-
upper Miocene (1)
-
-
Pliocene (2)
-
-
Paleogene
-
Eocene
-
lower Eocene (1)
-
upper Eocene (1)
-
-
Oligocene
-
upper Oligocene (1)
-
-
Paleocene (1)
-
-
upper Tertiary (1)
-
-
-
chemical analysis (6)
-
Chordata
-
Vertebrata (1)
-
-
clay mineralogy (3)
-
construction materials
-
cement materials (1)
-
-
continental drift (6)
-
continental shelf (2)
-
crust (81)
-
crystal chemistry (9)
-
crystal growth (9)
-
crystal structure (6)
-
deformation (63)
-
diagenesis (2)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
earthquakes (5)
-
economic geology (25)
-
Europe
-
Alps
-
Central Alps
-
Lepontine Alps (1)
-
-
Eastern Alps
-
Austroalpine Zone (1)
-
Dinaric Alps (1)
-
-
Piedmont Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
Western Alps
-
Cottian Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Dauphine Alps
-
Belledonne Massif (2)
-
Pelvoux Massif (1)
-
-
Ligurian Alps (1)
-
-
-
Bergell Massif (1)
-
Carpathians (3)
-
Central Europe
-
Austria
-
Salzburg State Austria (1)
-
-
Black Forest (1)
-
Bohemian Massif (2)
-
Czech Republic (1)
-
Germany
-
Bavaria Germany
-
Upper Palatinate (1)
-
-
-
Hungary
-
Transdanubia (1)
-
-
Poland
-
Dolnoslaskie Poland (1)
-
Lower Silesia (1)
-
-
Sudeten Mountains
-
Karkonosze Mountains (2)
-
-
Switzerland
-
Swiss Alps (1)
-
Ticino Switzerland (1)
-
-
-
Fennoscandia
-
Russian Fennoscandia (2)
-
-
Fennoscandian Shield (4)
-
Karelia Russian Federation (2)
-
Murmansk Russian Federation
-
Kola Peninsula (2)
-
Kola Superdeep Borehole (2)
-
-
Pyrenees (1)
-
Scythian Platform (1)
-
Southern Europe
-
Dinaric Alps (1)
-
Greece
-
Greek Aegean Islands
-
Cyclades (1)
-
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Chalkidiki (5)
-
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (3)
-
-
Pindus Mountains (1)
-
Thessaly Greece (1)
-
-
Iberian Peninsula
-
Central Iberian Zone (1)
-
Iberian Massif (3)
-
Ossa-Morena Zone (1)
-
Portugal (2)
-
Spain
-
Andalusia Spain
-
Alpujarride Complex (1)
-
-
Betic Cordillera (2)
-
Castilla y Leon Spain
-
Salamanca Spain (1)
-
-
Galicia Spain
-
Cabo Ortegal Complex (2)
-
La Coruna Spain
-
Cabo Ortegal (1)
-
Santiago de Compostela Spain (1)
-
-
Ordenes Complex (1)
-
-
-
-
Italy
-
Calabria Italy (1)
-
Ivrea-Verbano Zone (2)
-
Liguria Italy
-
Ligurian Alps (1)
-
-
Piemonte Italy
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
Sardinia Italy (1)
-
Strona Valley (1)
-
Trentino-Alto Adige Italy
-
Bolzano Italy (1)
-
-
Tuscany Italy (1)
-
Valle d'Aosta Italy (1)
-
-
Macedonia
-
Greek Macedonia
-
Chalkidiki (5)
-
-
-
Rhodope Mountains (1)
-
Romania
-
Apuseni Mountains (1)
-
Getic Nappe (1)
-
Transylvanian Alps (2)
-
-
Serbo-Macedonian Massif (1)
-
Yugoslavia (1)
-
-
Tauern Window (3)
-
Thrace
-
Greek Thrace
-
Rhodope Greece (3)
-
-
-
Ukraine
-
Ukrainian Shield (1)
-
-
Variscides (1)
-
Voronezh Russian Federation
-
Voronezh Anteclise (1)
-
-
Western Europe
-
Cottian Alps
-
Dora Maira Massif (1)
-
-
France
-
Armorican Massif (4)
-
Brittany (2)
-
Cantal France (1)
-
Central Massif (10)
-
Cevennes (1)
-
Correze France (1)
-
Corsica (2)
-
Cotes-d'Armor France (4)
-
Dauphine Alps
-
Belledonne Massif (2)
-
Pelvoux Massif (1)
-
-
Finistere France (2)
-
Hautes-Alpes France
-
Briancon France (1)
-
-
Isere France (1)
-
Limousin (2)
-
Lozere France (2)
-
Pyrenees-Orientales France (1)
-
Rouergue (2)
-
Var France
-
Maures Massif (2)
-
-
Vendee France (2)
-
Vienne France (1)
-
Vivarais (1)
-
Vosges France (2)
-
-
Ireland
-
Galway Ireland
-
Connemara (1)
-
-
-
Scandinavia
-
Finland
-
North Savo Finland
-
Kuopio Finland (1)
-
-
-
Koli Nappe (1)
-
Norway
-
Finnmark Norway (1)
-
Nordland Norway
-
Lofoten Islands (1)
-
-
Northern Norway (2)
-
Soroy (1)
-
Southern Norway (1)
-
-
Sulitjelma (1)
-
Sweden
-
Bergslagen (1)
-
-
Western Gneiss region (1)
-
-
United Kingdom
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Hebrides
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Highland region Scotland
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trondhjemite (7)
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gabbros
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porphyry (2)
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volcanic rocks
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basalts
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basanite
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inclusions
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Indian Ocean
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Indian Ocean Islands
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intrusions (99)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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stable isotopes
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (3)
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C-13/C-12 (5)
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D/H (2)
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (18)
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (33)
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (19)
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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S-34/S-32 (5)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (31)
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lava (8)
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lineation (17)
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magmas (69)
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mantle (41)
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maps (5)
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Mediterranean region
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Aegean Islands
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Greek Aegean Islands
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Cyclades (1)
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Calabrian Arc (1)
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Mediterranean
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Mesozoic
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Cretaceous
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Lower Cretaceous
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Albian (1)
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Upper Cretaceous
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Bearpaw Formation (1)
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Senonian (2)
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Franciscan Complex (4)
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Jurassic
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Coast Range Ophiolite (3)
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Lower Jurassic
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Pliensbachian (1)
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Middle Jurassic
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Callovian (1)
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Smartville Complex (1)
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Upper Jurassic
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Galice Formation (1)
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Josephine Ophiolite (2)
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Oxfordian (1)
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lower Mesozoic (2)
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Orocopia Schist (1)
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Triassic
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upper Mesozoic (1)
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metal ores
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base metals (8)
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metals
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actinides
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alkali metals
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lithium (1)
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potassium (1)
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rubidium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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alkaline earth metals
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barium (2)
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calcium (4)
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magnesium
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Mg-26/Mg-24 (1)
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strontium
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Rb-87/Sr-86 (2)
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Sr-87/Sr-86 (31)
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aluminum (2)
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arsenic (1)
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chromium (1)
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gold (1)
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hafnium
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Hf-177/Hf-176 (18)
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iron
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ferrous iron (1)
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lead
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Pb-206/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-204 (7)
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Pb-207/Pb-206 (2)
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Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
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manganese (3)
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nickel (2)
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niobium (8)
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platinum group
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osmium
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Os-188/Os-187 (1)
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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palladium (1)
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precious metals (1)
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rare earths
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lutetium (2)
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neodymium
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Nd-144/Nd-143 (33)
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
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samarium
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Sm-147/Nd-144 (7)
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scandium (1)
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yttrium (6)
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rhenium
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Re-187/Os-188 (1)
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silver (1)
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zirconium (4)
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metamorphic rocks
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amphibolites
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orthoamphibolite (9)
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cataclasites (2)
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eclogite (41)
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gneisses
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orthogneiss (24)
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granulites
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leptite (7)
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hornfels (1)
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impactites
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impact breccia (2)
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marbles
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calciphyre (1)
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metaigneous rocks
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metabasalt (16)
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metaplutonic rocks (3)
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metasomatic rocks
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metavolcanic rocks (18)
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phyllites (5)
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schists
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chlorite schist (1)
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greenstone (8)
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slates (3)
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metamorphism (253)
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metasomatism (62)
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Mexico
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Baja California Sur Mexico (1)
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mineral deposits, genesis (53)
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minerals (31)
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noble gases
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argon
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Ar-40/Ar-39 (3)
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nonmetal deposits (1)
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North America
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Appalachians
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Blue Ridge Mountains (4)
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Blue Ridge Province (4)
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Carolina slate belt (1)
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Central Appalachians (2)
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Piedmont
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Southern Appalachians (8)
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Basin and Range Province
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Great Basin (1)
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Canadian Shield
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Snowbird tectonic zone (1)
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Grenville Province
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Central Metasedimentary Belt (4)
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Makkovik Province (1)
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Superior Province
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Abitibi Belt (2)
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Taltson magmatic zone (1)
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Great Lakes region (2)
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Keweenawan Rift (1)
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North American Cordillera
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Omineca Belt (1)
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Peninsular Ranges Batholith (1)
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Rocky Mountains
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Canadian Rocky Mountains
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Esplanade Range (1)
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Selkirk Mountains
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Esplanade Range (1)
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Southern Rocky Mountains (4)
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U. S. Rocky Mountains
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Absaroka Range
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Beartooth Mountains (5)
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Bighorn Mountains (2)
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Laramie Mountains (2)
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Spanish Peaks (1)
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Wet Mountains (2)
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Rocky Mountains foreland (1)
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Saint Elias Mountains (1)
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Shuswap Complex (3)
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Straight Creek Fault (1)
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Yukon-Tanana Terrane (1)
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Yukon-Tanana Upland (1)
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ocean floors (1)
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orogeny (57)
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oxygen
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O-18 (1)
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O-18/O-16 (19)
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Pacific Ocean
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East Pacific
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East Pacific Rise (1)
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Peru-Chile Trench (1)
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North Pacific
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Northeast Pacific
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Gulf of Alaska (1)
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
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-
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West Pacific
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Northwest Pacific
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Izu-Bonin Arc (1)
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Mariana Trench (1)
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paleoclimatology (1)
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paleogeography (21)
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paleomagnetism (4)
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Paleozoic
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Acatlan Complex (3)
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Cambrian
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Lower Cambrian (7)
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Upper Cambrian
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Furongian (1)
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Carboniferous
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Chilliwack Group (1)
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Lower Carboniferous (1)
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Mississippian (1)
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Pennsylvanian
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Lower Pennsylvanian (1)
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Westerly Granite (1)
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Upper Carboniferous (1)
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Devonian
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Middle Devonian (1)
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Old Red Sandstone (2)
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Upper Devonian (1)
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lower Paleozoic
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Ashe Formation (2)
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Bay of Islands Ophiolite (2)
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Chopawamsic Formation (1)
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Glenarm Series (1)
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Wilmington Complex (1)
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middle Paleozoic (2)
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Ordovician
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Lower Ordovician
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Arenigian (1)
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Middle Ordovician
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Ammonoosuc Volcanics (1)
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Upper Ordovician (2)
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Permian
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Coconino Sandstone (1)
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Shoo Fly Complex (1)
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Silurian
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Lower Silurian (1)
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Middle Silurian (1)
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Upper Silurian (1)
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upper Paleozoic
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Calaveras Formation (1)
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Wissahickon Formation (2)
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paragenesis (28)
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petrology (135)
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Phanerozoic (2)
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phase equilibria (42)
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plate tectonics (113)
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pollution (1)
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Precambrian
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Archean
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Kalgoorlie System (2)
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Mesoarchean (10)
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Neoarchean
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Amitsoq Gneiss (1)
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Dharwar Supergroup (1)
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Jiaodong Group (1)
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Sargur Group (1)
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Paleoarchean (4)
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Peninsular Gneiss (1)
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Baltimore Gneiss (1)
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Central Rand Group (2)
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Delhi Supergroup (2)
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Hecla Hoek Formation (1)
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Lewisian Complex (1)
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Pongola Supergroup (1)
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Purcell System (1)
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Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
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Mahakoshal Group (1)
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Proterozoic
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Damara System (1)
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Keweenawan (1)
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Kombolgie Formation (2)
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Lewisian (2)
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Mesoproterozoic
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Belt Supergroup (3)
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Calymmian (1)
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Laxfordian (1)
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Missoula Group (2)
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Soldiers Cap Group (1)
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Neoproterozoic
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Brioverian (2)
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Cryogenian (1)
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Ediacaran (1)
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Horsethief Creek Group (1)
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Infracambrian (3)
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Moine Supergroup (2)
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Riphean (3)
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Tonian (2)
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Vendian (3)
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Ortega Group (1)
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Paleoproterozoic
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Birimian (1)
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Orosirian (1)
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Rhyacian (1)
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Statherian (1)
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Roan Supergroup (1)
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Vadito Group (1)
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remote sensing (4)
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rock mechanics (5)
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sea water (2)
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sea-floor spreading (1)
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sedimentary petrology (1)
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sedimentary rocks
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carbonate rocks
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limestone (2)
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chemically precipitated rocks
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chert (4)
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iron formations
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banded iron formations (5)
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ironstone (1)
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weathering crust (1)
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clastic rocks
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arenite
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argillite (1)
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black shale (2)
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conglomerate (1)
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graywacke (1)
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marl (1)
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mudstone (1)
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orthoquartzite (1)
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sandstone (11)
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shale (2)
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siltstone (1)
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sedimentary structures
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biogenic structures
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stromatolites (1)
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planar bedding structures
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rhythmite (1)
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secondary structures
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concretions (1)
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soft sediment deformation
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sedimentation (8)
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sediments
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clastic sediments
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clay (1)
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colluvium (1)
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diamicton (1)
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marine sediments (1)
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selenium (1)
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soils (1)
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South America
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Amazonian Craton (2)
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Andes
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Eastern Cordillera (2)
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Western Cordillera (1)
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Argentina
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La Rioja Argentina (2)
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Brazil
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Amapa Brazil
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Serra do Navio Brazil (1)
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Quadrilatero Ferrifero (2)
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Para Brazil
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Carajas mineral province (2)
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Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (1)
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Santa Catarina Brazil (1)
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Sao Francisco Craton (2)
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Chile (2)
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Colombia
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Guiana Shield (1)
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Peru (2)
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Venezuela
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Nueva Esparta Venezuela
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Venezuelan Islands
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spectroscopy (3)
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stratigraphy (12)
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structural analysis (49)
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structural geology (25)
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sulfur
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S-34/S-32 (5)
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tectonics
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neotectonics (3)
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tectonophysics (13)
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United States
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Alabama
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Tallapoosa County Alabama (1)
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Alaska
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Arizona
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California
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Georgia
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Montana
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GeoRef Categories
Era and Period
Epoch and Age
Book Series
Date
Availability
amphibolites
Origin of big garnet amphibolites at Gore Mountain and other localities, Adirondack Mountains, New York State, USA: Whole-rock geochemical constraints Open Access
Amphibole fractionation controls the redox state of magmas in porphyry Cu ore systems: Constraints from amphibole-rich rocks in eastern China Available to Purchase
Tectonic implications of a rare metamorphic event in eastern China during the Earth's ‘middle age’ Available to Purchase
Multi-stage tectonic record of the Central Sakarya Terrane Basement (NW Turkey): Implications for the Paleozoic evolution of Rheic Ocean and northern Gondwanan margin Available to Purchase
Early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) subduction-related magmatism and tectonothermal activity in Shetland and northern mainland Scotland: implications for the tectonic evolution of NE Laurentia and Rodinia reconstructions Open Access
A ~957 Ma Metamorphism in the Mesoarchaean Hindoli Group Supracrustal Rocks from the Jahazpur Shear Zone, East Rajasthan (India): Constraints from Sm-Nd Dating and Phase Equilibria Modeling Available to Purchase
The September 18, 2018, Debris Slide in Warrensville, NC: A Landslide Response Case Study Available to Purchase
Subduction erosion revealed by exhumed lower arc crustal rocks in an accretionary complex, northeastern China Open Access
Early Jurassic and Late Cretaceous plagiogranites in Nain–Baft ophiolitic mélange zone in Iran: remnants of rift–drift and SSZ evolution of a Neotethyan seaway Available to Purchase
The origin of the ultrahigh-pressure Tso Morari complex, NW Himalaya: implication for early Paleozoic rifting Open Access
Monazite–xenotime thermometry: a review of best practices and an example from the Caledonides of northern Scotland Available to Purchase
Abstract Monazite–xenotime thermometry is a potentially powerful technique for understanding the evolution of Earth systems. While a rich set of experimental and empirical datasets are available for monazite–xenotime equilibria, five different thermometric calibrations yield significantly different results, making this technique difficult to apply in practice. To clarify best practices for monazite–xenotime thermometry, a compilation of published compositional data for monazite and xenotime with independently determined pressure–temperature conditions is evaluated. For each existing thermometer, we examine how closely estimated temperatures match independent empirical temperatures and consider how best to calculate monazite end-members for each thermometer. Monazite–xenotime thermometry is applied to samples from the Northern Highlands Terrane of northern Scotland, which experienced amphibolite–upper greenschist facies metamorphism and penetrative deformation during the Scandian orogeny. Thermometry data in conjunction with U–Pb dating define relatively slow regional cooling across the Scandian thrust nappes. Thermometry data closely match quartz c -axis fabric-based deformation thermometry across the structurally lower nappes, suggesting that monazite and xenotime record the timing and temperature of penetrative deformation and shearing. The data suggest that ductile deformation in the hinterland nappes of the Scandian orogen in Scotland occurred as late as 415–410 Ma.
Trace element changes in rutile from quartzite through increasing P–T from lower amphibolite to eclogite facies conditions Available to Purchase
Abstract Low concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mg and Al in quartzite commonly prevent the crystallization of index metamorphic minerals, inhibiting the obtainability of thermobarometric calculations. Quartzite typically contains quartz, zircon and rutile; therefore, single-element thermometers, such as Zr-in-rutile, may be applied. We investigate changes in trace-element composition of rutile from quartzite through increasing metamorphic conditions. Studied samples derive from a quartzite package (Luminárias Nappe, Minas Gerais, Brazil) where previous thermobarometric constraints on metapelites showed an increasing metamorphic grade southwards, from high-pressure lower amphibolite facies (580°C; 0.9 GPa) to eclogite facies (630°C; 1.4 GPa). Rutile from the lower-grade facies samples show a large spread in Zr concentrations, with the highest values corresponding to temperature estimates higher than metamorphic conditions affecting those units, and thus interpreted as inherited detrital signatures. A narrower spread in Zr concentration is observed in rutile grains from the higher-grade facies, and estimated Zr-in-rutile temperatures agree with previous thermobarometric constraints. Therefore, we show that at 630°C, Zr contents in detrital rutile from quartzites re-equilibrate. The comparison between the quartzite- and metapelite-hosting rutile grains from the same area shows that the resetting of the geothermometer in the latter seems to occur at slightly lower temperatures (∼50°C lower).
First report of an Ediacarian basement in the Western Alps: the Serre Chevalier crystalline unit (Briançonnais domain, France) Open Access
Metamorphosed mélange in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis: constraint for the India–Asia collision in the Eocene Available to Purchase
Expanding the metamorphic devolatilization model: Komatiites as a source for orogenic gold deposits in high-grade metamorphic rocks Open Access
Timing of Izanagi-Pacific ridge subduction beneath Eurasia: Constraints from metamorphic soles in Hokkaido, Japan Available to Purchase
Slab breakoff diorite porphyries derived from two cratons in a continental subduction zone, Sulu orogen, China Available to Purchase
Kilometer-scale recumbent folding, tectonic attenuation, and rotational shear in the western Anaconda Range, southwestern Montana, USA Open Access
Zircon U–Pb, oxygen and hafnium isotopic characteristics of the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic Betsiboka Suite, Madagascar: tracing source to sink pathways in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic provenance studies Available to Purchase
Abstract The Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Betsiboka Suite of Madagascar mainly consists of granitoid orthogneiss and migmatite variably metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies during the late Neoproterozoic. New U–Pb zircon data yield emplacement ages of 2512 ± 17, 2507 ± 17, 2493 ± 14 and 2485 ± 16 Ma. Zircon δ 18 O data indicate involvement of the continental crust during magma genesis. Mostly positive ε Hf ( t ) values plot slightly below the depleted-mantle curve. The isotopic data favour mixing between an older Archean crustal source and a juvenile depleted-mantle source. Possible local crustal candidates for the older component in the exposed Malagasy basement are Neoarchean mafic gneisses in the Tsaratanana Complex and the c. 3200 Ma Nosy Boraha orthogneiss in the Antongil Domain. The new isotopic data support interpretations from previous studies investigating the genesis of Tonian plutonic rocks advocating crustal melting of a Mesoarchean crustal source in the Antananarivo Domain. In addition, detrital zircon in the Proterozoic Ambatolampy Group and Itremo Group probably had a local source with the same isotopic composition as the Betsiboka Suite. Our study demonstrates the significance of multi-isotopic data from zircon for constraining the sources of detrital zircon grains in sedimentary provenance studies.
New age constraints on the break-up of Rodinia and amalgamation of southwestern Gondwana from the Choquequirao Formation in southwestern Peru Open Access
Abstract The Choquequirao Formation is a >3 km-thick amphibolite-grade succession that outcrops in the Central Andes of southern Peru. To constrain its age and tectonostratigraphic setting, detrital zircon and metamorphic zircon, titanite, and rutile U–Pb isotopic analyses were conducted. Mantle-derived c. 640 Ma detrital zircons constrain the maximum age of the lower part of the succession and 550–490 Ma metamorphic zircon domains constrain its minimum age. The absence of early Paleozoic detrital zircons suggests that deposition predated early Paleozoic orogenesis in southwestern Gondwana. The close similarity of detrital zircon age spectra to those from sediments deposited on the Arequipa basement suggests that the Choquequirao Formation was deposited on the Arequipa Terrane. Metamorphic titanite dates are highly overdispersed, yet they overlap with c. 460 Ma peak metamorphism recorded by metamorphic zircon. Pb-loss pathways displayed by metamorphic titanite have a lower intercept that overlaps with c. 325 Ma metamorphic rutile, which corresponds to Hercynian orogenesis. A poorly constrained upper intercept of c. 510 Ma may correspond to Pampean and/or early Famatinian orogenesis. We interpret the Cryogenian–Ediacaran Choquequirao Formation as having been deposited during the opening of the Palaeo-Iapetus (Puncoviscana–Clymene) Ocean between eastern Arequipa and southern Kalahari prior to the subsequent collision with southwestern Amazonia during the Pampean Orogeny.