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NARROW
GeoRef Subject
-
all geography including DSDP/ODP Sites and Legs
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
South Greenland (1)
-
-
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China (2)
-
Japan (1)
-
Philippine Islands (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (4)
-
Yilgarn Craton (2)
-
-
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
James Bay (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Gloucester County New Brunswick
-
Bathurst mining district (1)
-
-
-
-
Matachewan dike swarm (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Buchans Newfoundland and Labrador (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Elliot Lake Ontario (1)
-
Quirke Lake (1)
-
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Abitibi Ontario (1)
-
Kidd Creek Mine (9)
-
Matheson Ontario (4)
-
Timmins Ontario (29)
-
-
Dryden Ontario (1)
-
Gowganda Ontario (2)
-
Hemlo Deposit (1)
-
Larder Lake District Ontario (6)
-
Sudbury District Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (2)
-
Sudbury Structure (3)
-
Thunder Bay District Ontario
-
Manitouwadge Ontario (1)
-
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Cobalt Ontario (1)
-
Kirkland Lake Ontario (16)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (18)
-
Val d'Or Quebec (31)
-
-
Horne Mine (5)
-
Manicouagan Crater (1)
-
Manicouagan River (1)
-
Matagami (9)
-
Noranda Quebec (41)
-
Sigma Mine (11)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (23)
-
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Labrador Trough (1)
-
Nunavut (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Manitoba
-
Flin Flon Manitoba (1)
-
Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
-
Thompson nickel belt (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Yellowknife Northwest Territories (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
Russian Federation
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
-
-
Cross Lake (3)
-
Elk Lake (1)
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Bohemian Massif (1)
-
-
-
Mexico (2)
-
North America
-
Appalachians
-
Northern Appalachians (2)
-
-
Canadian Shield
-
Grenville Province (9)
-
Slave Province (4)
-
Superior Province
-
Abitibi Belt (396)
-
Kapuskasing Zone (12)
-
Michipicoten Belt (1)
-
Pontiac Subprovince (13)
-
Quetico Belt (2)
-
Swayze greenstone belt (3)
-
Wabigoon Belt (4)
-
Wawa Belt (11)
-
-
-
Grenville Front (5)
-
Keweenawan Rift (1)
-
Lake of the Woods region (1)
-
North American Cordillera
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
-
-
Oceania
-
Melanesia (1)
-
-
Pacific Ocean
-
West Pacific
-
Ontong Java Plateau (1)
-
-
-
Red Lake (1)
-
Solomon Islands (1)
-
South America
-
Andes (1)
-
Chile (2)
-
Ecuador (1)
-
-
Sturgeon Lake (2)
-
United States
-
Arizona (1)
-
Louisiana (1)
-
Nevada (1)
-
-
-
commodities
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
barite deposits (1)
-
boron deposits (1)
-
brines (3)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
metal ores
-
base metals (23)
-
bismuth ores (1)
-
cobalt ores (2)
-
copper ores (70)
-
gold ores (163)
-
iron ores (1)
-
lead ores (11)
-
lead-zinc deposits (7)
-
molybdenum ores (2)
-
nickel ores (18)
-
platinum ores (9)
-
polymetallic ores (18)
-
rare earth deposits (1)
-
silver ores (32)
-
titanium ores (1)
-
uranium ores (1)
-
vanadium ores (1)
-
zinc ores (50)
-
-
mineral deposits, genesis (130)
-
mineral exploration (67)
-
mineral resources (2)
-
oil and gas fields (1)
-
petroleum (1)
-
phosphate deposits (1)
-
-
elements, isotopes
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (8)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
chemical ratios (4)
-
halogens
-
chlorine (1)
-
-
hydrogen
-
D/H (11)
-
deuterium (4)
-
-
isotope ratios (30)
-
isotopes
-
radioactive isotopes
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
stable isotopes
-
C-13/C-12 (8)
-
D/H (11)
-
deuterium (4)
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (9)
-
O-18/O-16 (32)
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
S-33 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (9)
-
S-36 (1)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (6)
-
-
-
metals
-
actinides
-
thorium (1)
-
-
alkali metals
-
potassium (2)
-
rubidium (2)
-
-
alkaline earth metals
-
barium (2)
-
calcium (1)
-
magnesium (1)
-
strontium
-
Sr-87/Sr-86 (6)
-
-
-
aluminum (1)
-
antimony (1)
-
arsenic (1)
-
copper (2)
-
gold (6)
-
hafnium
-
Hf-177/Hf-176 (1)
-
-
iron
-
ferrous iron (2)
-
-
lead
-
Pb-206/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-207/Pb-206 (1)
-
Pb-208/Pb-204 (6)
-
Pb-210 (1)
-
-
manganese (2)
-
nickel (1)
-
niobium (1)
-
platinum group
-
iridium (1)
-
osmium
-
Os-188/Os-187 (1)
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
palladium (2)
-
platinum (2)
-
platinum ores (9)
-
rhodium (1)
-
-
precious metals (5)
-
rare earths
-
lanthanum (1)
-
lutetium (1)
-
neodymium
-
Nd-144/Nd-143 (9)
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
samarium
-
Sm-147/Nd-144 (1)
-
-
ytterbium (1)
-
yttrium (1)
-
-
rhenium
-
Re-187/Os-188 (1)
-
-
silver (1)
-
titanium (1)
-
vanadium (1)
-
zirconium (1)
-
-
oxygen
-
dissolved oxygen (1)
-
O-18/O-16 (32)
-
-
phosphorus (1)
-
silicon (2)
-
sulfur
-
S-33 (1)
-
S-33/S-32 (3)
-
S-34/S-32 (9)
-
S-36 (1)
-
-
-
fossils
-
bacteria (1)
-
ichnofossils (1)
-
-
geochronology methods
-
Ar/Ar (11)
-
K/Ar (1)
-
Nd/Nd (1)
-
paleomagnetism (10)
-
Pb/Pb (9)
-
Rb/Sr (4)
-
Re/Os (4)
-
Sm/Nd (9)
-
Th/U (1)
-
U/Pb (65)
-
-
geologic age
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
-
-
-
Paleozoic
-
Ordovician
-
Middle Ordovician
-
Black River Group (1)
-
-
-
-
Phanerozoic (1)
-
Precambrian
-
Archean
-
Blake River Group (38)
-
Blondeau Formation (1)
-
Gilman Formation (3)
-
Neoarchean (52)
-
Opemisca Group (2)
-
Roy Group (2)
-
Timiskaming Group (16)
-
Yellowknife Group (1)
-
-
Hadean (1)
-
Levack Gneiss (1)
-
Nipissing Diabase (3)
-
Transvaal Supergroup (1)
-
upper Precambrian
-
Proterozoic
-
Huronian
-
Gowganda Formation (1)
-
Onaping Formation (1)
-
-
Mesoproterozoic (2)
-
Paleoproterozoic (3)
-
-
-
-
-
igneous rocks
-
igneous rocks
-
carbonatites (1)
-
granophyre (1)
-
hypabyssal rocks (1)
-
peperite (1)
-
picrite (2)
-
plutonic rocks
-
anorthosite (2)
-
diabase (3)
-
diorites
-
quartz diorites (1)
-
tonalite (15)
-
trondhjemite (9)
-
-
gabbros
-
olivine gabbro (1)
-
troctolite (1)
-
-
granites
-
leucogranite (1)
-
S-type granites (1)
-
two-mica granite (1)
-
-
granodiorites (6)
-
lamprophyres (5)
-
monzodiorite (1)
-
monzonites (3)
-
pegmatite (1)
-
syenites
-
quartz syenite (1)
-
-
ultramafics
-
hornblendite (1)
-
peridotites
-
dunite (2)
-
-
pyroxenite
-
clinopyroxenite (1)
-
-
-
-
porphyry (6)
-
volcanic rocks
-
adakites (2)
-
andesites (11)
-
basalts
-
mid-ocean ridge basalts (5)
-
ocean-island basalts (1)
-
shoshonite (2)
-
tholeiite (1)
-
tholeiitic basalt (2)
-
-
dacites (4)
-
glasses (1)
-
komatiite (22)
-
pyroclastics
-
hyaloclastite (5)
-
ignimbrite (1)
-
tuff (8)
-
tuffite (2)
-
welded tuff (1)
-
-
rhyolites (21)
-
tephrite (1)
-
trachytes (2)
-
-
-
-
metamorphic rocks
-
metamorphic rocks
-
amphibolites (2)
-
eclogite (1)
-
garnetite (1)
-
gneisses
-
orthogneiss (1)
-
tonalite gneiss (1)
-
-
granulites (3)
-
metaigneous rocks
-
meta-andesite (2)
-
metabasite (1)
-
metadiorite (1)
-
metagabbro (3)
-
metagranite (3)
-
metakomatiite (3)
-
metaperidotite (1)
-
metarhyolite (1)
-
serpentinite (4)
-
-
metaplutonic rocks (10)
-
metasedimentary rocks
-
metaconglomerate (1)
-
metasandstone (2)
-
-
metasomatic rocks
-
fenite (1)
-
rodingite (3)
-
serpentinite (4)
-
-
metavolcanic rocks (55)
-
mylonites (1)
-
schists
-
greenschist (2)
-
greenstone (3)
-
-
slates (1)
-
-
turbidite (3)
-
-
meteorites
-
meteorites
-
stony meteorites
-
achondrites
-
Martian meteorites
-
SNC Meteorites
-
nakhlite (1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
minerals
-
alloys
-
awaruite (1)
-
electrum (1)
-
-
arsenides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
-
carbonates
-
calcite (1)
-
-
minerals (7)
-
oxides
-
baddeleyite (3)
-
chromite (1)
-
hematite (2)
-
hydroxides
-
oxyhydroxides (1)
-
-
iron oxides (1)
-
magnesium oxides (1)
-
magnetite (6)
-
manganese oxides (1)
-
rutile (5)
-
-
phosphates
-
fluorapatite (1)
-
monazite (3)
-
xenotime (1)
-
-
platinum minerals (2)
-
silicates
-
aluminosilicates (2)
-
chain silicates
-
amphibole group
-
clinoamphibole
-
hastingsite (1)
-
hornblende (1)
-
-
-
pyroxene group
-
clinopyroxene
-
augite (1)
-
diopside (1)
-
-
orthopyroxene (1)
-
-
-
framework silicates
-
feldspar group
-
alkali feldspar
-
K-feldspar (2)
-
-
plagioclase
-
albite (1)
-
-
-
silica minerals
-
quartz (13)
-
-
-
orthosilicates
-
nesosilicates
-
andalusite (1)
-
dumortierite (1)
-
garnet group
-
melanite (1)
-
-
olivine group
-
olivine (1)
-
-
sillimanite (1)
-
titanite group
-
titanite (11)
-
-
zircon group
-
zircon (43)
-
-
-
sorosilicates
-
epidote group
-
epidote (2)
-
-
-
-
ring silicates
-
tourmaline group (7)
-
-
sheet silicates
-
chlorite group
-
chlorite (1)
-
-
clay minerals
-
kaolinite (1)
-
-
mica group
-
biotite (4)
-
fuchsite (2)
-
muscovite (4)
-
-
pyrophyllite (1)
-
sericite (3)
-
serpentine group
-
antigorite (1)
-
chrysotile (1)
-
serpentine (2)
-
-
stilpnomelane (1)
-
talc (2)
-
-
-
sulfates
-
barite (2)
-
celestine (1)
-
-
sulfides
-
arsenopyrite (1)
-
gudmundite (1)
-
heazlewoodite (1)
-
molybdenite (4)
-
nickel sulfides (1)
-
pentlandite (1)
-
pyrite (10)
-
pyrrhotite (3)
-
sphalerite (2)
-
-
sulfosalts
-
sulfarsenites
-
pearceite (1)
-
proustite (1)
-
tennantite (1)
-
-
sulfostannates
-
stannite (1)
-
-
-
tungstates
-
scheelite (1)
-
-
-
Primary terms
-
absolute age (82)
-
Africa
-
Southern Africa
-
Barberton greenstone belt (1)
-
South Africa (2)
-
Zimbabwe
-
Belingwe greenstone belt (1)
-
-
-
West Africa
-
Guinea (1)
-
-
-
Arctic region
-
Greenland
-
South Greenland (1)
-
-
-
asbestos deposits (1)
-
Asia
-
Far East
-
China (2)
-
Japan (1)
-
Philippine Islands (1)
-
-
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation
-
Taymyr Dolgan-Nenets Russian Federation
-
Norilsk region (1)
-
-
-
-
Atlantic Ocean
-
North Atlantic
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
-
-
Australasia
-
Australia
-
Queensland Australia (1)
-
Western Australia
-
Eastern Goldfields (4)
-
Yilgarn Craton (2)
-
-
-
Papua New Guinea (1)
-
-
bacteria (1)
-
barite deposits (1)
-
bibliography (1)
-
boron deposits (1)
-
brines (3)
-
Canada
-
Cassiar Mountains (1)
-
Eastern Canada
-
James Bay (1)
-
Maritime Provinces
-
New Brunswick
-
Gloucester County New Brunswick
-
Bathurst mining district (1)
-
-
-
-
Matachewan dike swarm (1)
-
Newfoundland and Labrador
-
Newfoundland
-
Buchans Newfoundland and Labrador (1)
-
-
-
Ontario
-
Algoma District Ontario
-
Elliot Lake Ontario (1)
-
Quirke Lake (1)
-
-
Cochrane District Ontario
-
Abitibi Ontario (1)
-
Kidd Creek Mine (9)
-
Matheson Ontario (4)
-
Timmins Ontario (29)
-
-
Dryden Ontario (1)
-
Gowganda Ontario (2)
-
Hemlo Deposit (1)
-
Larder Lake District Ontario (6)
-
Sudbury District Ontario (1)
-
Sudbury igneous complex (2)
-
Sudbury Structure (3)
-
Thunder Bay District Ontario
-
Manitouwadge Ontario (1)
-
-
Timiskaming District Ontario
-
Cobalt Ontario (1)
-
Kirkland Lake Ontario (16)
-
-
-
Quebec
-
Abitibi County Quebec
-
Chibougamau Quebec (18)
-
Val d'Or Quebec (31)
-
-
Horne Mine (5)
-
Manicouagan Crater (1)
-
Manicouagan River (1)
-
Matagami (9)
-
Noranda Quebec (41)
-
Sigma Mine (11)
-
Temiscamingue County Quebec
-
Rouyn Quebec (23)
-
-
-
-
Hudson Bay (1)
-
Labrador Trough (1)
-
Nunavut (1)
-
Western Canada
-
Canadian Cordillera (1)
-
Manitoba
-
Flin Flon Manitoba (1)
-
Snow Lake Manitoba (1)
-
Thompson nickel belt (1)
-
-
Northwest Territories
-
Yellowknife Northwest Territories (1)
-
-
Saskatchewan (1)
-
-
-
carbon
-
C-13/C-12 (8)
-
organic carbon (1)
-
-
Cenozoic
-
Quaternary
-
Holocene (1)
-
Pleistocene
-
upper Pleistocene
-
Wisconsinan
-
upper Wisconsinan (2)
-
-
-
-
-
Tertiary
-
Neogene
-
Miocene (1)
-
-
-
-
chemical analysis (1)
-
clay mineralogy (1)
-
crust (63)
-
crystal chemistry (2)
-
crystal growth (3)
-
data processing (11)
-
deformation (44)
-
diagenesis (6)
-
diamond deposits (1)
-
earthquakes (1)
-
economic geology (56)
-
Europe
-
Central Europe
-
Bohemian Massif (1)
-
-
-
faults (89)
-
folds (33)
-
foliation (26)
-
fractures (8)
-
geochemistry (103)
-
geochronology (17)
-
geomorphology (2)
-
geophysical methods (53)
-
glacial geology (2)
-
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Abitibi Belt
Geologic and Geochemical Features of the World-Class Archean Windfall Intrusion-Related Au Deposit, Abitibi Subprovince, Canada
Geology and Controls on Gold Enrichment at the Horne 5 Deposit and Implications for the Architecture of the Gold-Rich Horne Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Complex, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada
Geochemical Signatures of Felsic Volcanic Rocks in Modern Oceanic Settings and Implications for Archean Greenstone Belts
Evaluating Geochemical Discriminants in Archean Gold Deposits: A Superior Province Perspective with an Emphasis on the Abitibi Greenstone Belt
ABSTRACT The Neoarchean marked an important turning point in the evolution of Earth when cratonization processes resulted in progressive amalgamation of relatively small crustal blocks into larger and thicker continental masses, which now comprise the ancient core of our continents. Although evidence of cratonization is preserved in the ancient continental cores, the conditions under which this geodynamic process operated and the nature of the involved crustal blocks are far from resolved. In the Superior craton, deep-crustal fault systems developed during the terminal stage of Neoarchean cratonization, as indicated by the cratonwide growth of relatively small, narrow, syn-to-late tectonic (ca. 2680–2670 Ma) sedimentary basins. The terrigenous debris eroded from the uplifted tectono-magmatic source regions was deposited as polymictic conglomerate and sand successions in fluvial-dominated basins. The composition of the sedimentary rocks in these unique basins, therefore, offers a unique record of crustal sources and depositional settings, with implications for the geodynamic processes that formed the world’s largest preserved craton. Here, we compare the geochemical compositions of sandstone samples from six sedimentary basins across the Abitibi greenstone belt and relate them to their mode of deposition, prevailing provenance, and geodynamic setting during crustal growth and craton stabilization. The sandstones represent first-cycle sediment that is poorly sorted and compositionally very immature, with variable Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratios and index of chemical variability values >1 (average of 1.36), reflecting a large proportion of framework silicate grains. The sandstones display chemical index of alteration values between 45 and 64 (average of 53), indicating that the detritus was eroded from source regions that experienced a very low degree of chemical weathering. This likely reflects a high-relief and active tectonic setting that could facilitate rapid erosion and uplift with a short transit time of the detritus from source to deposition. Multi-element variation diagrams and rare earth element patterns reveal that the lithological control on sandstone composition was dominated by older (>2695 Ma) pretectonic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and greenstone belt rocks. The sandstone units display large variations in the proportions of felsic, mafic, and ultramafic end-member contributions as a consequence of provenance variability. However, an average sandstone composition of ~65% felsic, ~30% mafic, and ~5% komatiite was observed across the basins. This observation is in agreement with recent models that predict the composition of the Neoarchean emerged continental crust for North America and supports the presence of a felsic-dominated Archean crust. The high proportion of felsic rocks in the upper crust requires continuous influx of H 2 O into the mantle and is best explained by subduction-related processes. In such a scenario, the detritus of the fluvial sandstones is best described as being controlled by uplifted and accreted continental arcs mainly composed of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and greenstone belt rocks.