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Williams Fork Formation
Tectonic and eustatic control of Mesaverde Group (Campanian–Maastrichtian) architecture, Wyoming-Utah-Colorado region, USA
Geologically constrained electrofacies classification of fluvial deposits: An example from the Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, Uinta and Piceance Basins
Abstract Autogenic fluvial dynamics, including river avulsion, influence the distribution of channel sand bodies in alluvial deposits. Over long timescales, autogenically organized avulsions can generate stratigraphic patterns such as clusters of sand bodies when avulsions preferentially return to previous channel locations, or evenly spaced sand bodies when avulsions preferentially fill topographic lows. Consequently, quantifying stratigraphic patterns may provide an avenue for reconstructing paleoavulsion dynamics from ancient deposits. Several quantitative approaches have been used to quantify the degree to which channel-belt deposits are distributed randomly, evenly, or with clustered patterns; however, to date, there are only a few examples where these metrics have been applied in outcrop studies. Here we present a quantitative analysis of stratigraphic architecture in the lower Williams Fork Formation (Cretaceous, Colorado) to quantify the paleoavulsion pattern in this interval. A spatial-point-process statistic (the K function) and the compensation statistic are applied to stratigraphic data mapped from a terrestrial lidar digital outcrop model. Both analyses show random channel-body distributions and random basin filling at short (less than 200 m) spatiotemporal scales, which suggests that lower Williams Fork channels avulsed randomly. To evaluate the sensitivity of the K function to different degrees of stratigraphic organization, we use a two-dimensional (2D) geometric model to build synthetic stratigraphy with different degrees of sand-body clustering. Model results show that the lower Williams Fork data set should be of sufficient size and resolution to detect strong clustering signals, if they were present. This type of sensitivity analysis is helpful for comparing results of spatial-point-process analyses among outcrop examples with confidence. The random paleoavulsion pattern inferred from lower Williams Fork stratigraphy in this locality contrasts with previously published analyses that show qualitative clustering at larger scales; however, these results are not incompatible if avulsions remained clustered regionally over long timescales.
Stratigraphic architecture of fluvial deposits from borehole images, spectral-gamma-ray response, and outcrop analogs, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Interpreting Paleo-Avulsion Dynamics from Multistory Sand Bodies
Selecting an optimal aperture in Kirchhoff migration using dip-angle images
Fault and fracture distribution within a tight-gas sandstone reservoir: Mesaverde Group, Mamm Creek Field, Piceance Basin, Colorado, USA
Abstract Study of a regional three-dimensional seismic data set by Cumella and Ostby (2003) indicated the potential existence of wrench faults in the southern Piceance Basin, Colorado. Although the faults could be inferred to cut through the productive interval, no direct observation was possible until the Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) conducted a multicomponent seismic study at Rulison Field. This study confirms the existence of faults and coduments their importance in creating fracture zones critical to higher expected ultimate recovery (EUR) well production within the field. Three-dimensional seismic data were acquired at Rulison Field by RCP to investigate whether zones of high fracture density within the Mesaverde reservoir interval could be detected. Three time-lapse, multicomponent seismic surveys were acquired in 2003, 2004, and 2006. The study confirmed the existence of wrench faults, documented zones of high fracture density, and observed pressure depletion within these zones. Wrench faults and fracture zones play an important role in the creation of “sweet spots” associated with wells of high EUR. Sweet spot identification with multicomponent seismic data can improve the economics of tight gas exploration and production.
Prediction of lithofacies and reservoir quality using well logs, Late Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Mamm Creek field, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Mechanisms Controlling the Clustering of Fluvial Channels and the Compensational Stacking of Cluster Belts
Static connectivity of fluvial sandstones in a lower coastal-plain setting: An example from the Upper Cretaceous lower Williams Fork Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Shear-wave sourced 3-D VSP imaging of tight-gas sandstones in Rulison Field, Colorado
Extracting sub-bandwidth detail from 3D amplitude data : An example from the Mesaverde Group, Piceance Basin, Colorado, U.S.A.
Sandstone-body dimensions in a lower coastal-plain depositional setting: Lower Williams Fork Formation, Coal Canyon, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Tight-gas seismic monitoring, Rulison Field, Colorado
Modeling of gas generation from the Cameo coal zone in the Piceance Basin, Colorado
Analysis and modeling of intermediate-scale reservoir heterogeneity based on a fluvial point-bar outcrop analog, Williams Fork Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado
RANGE EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN CHASMOSAURINE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAURS INTO NORTHWESTERN COLORADO
A Modified Approach to Estimating Coal and Coal Gas Resources: Example from the Sand Wash Basin, Colorado
Distribution of carbon and sulfur isotopes in Upper Cretaceous coal of northwestern Colorado
δ 13 C and δ 34 S were determined for 47 coal samples from the Williams Fork Formation—31 samples from the Wadge coal bed and 16 samples from the Lennox coal bed. δ 13 C ranges from −23.4 to −27.2‰). Organic sulfur δ 34 S ranges from +5.3 to +13.5‰ for the Wadge bed and from +13.7 to +20.1‰ for the Lennox bed. The organic sulfur content of the coal samples ranges from 0.23 to 0.71 percent for the Wadge bed and from 0.65 to 2.72 percent for the Lennox coal bed. The ash content of both beds is low, averaging 8.5 percent for the Wadge bed and 6.4 percent for the Lennox bed. The carbon isotopic homogeneity of the Wadge and Lennox beds indicates that the plants in each mire were similar with respect to the carbon fixation processes and carbon source. Previous sulfur isotopic studies of coral and the coal-forming processes have shown that δ 34 S is determined by the aquatic composition of sulfur in the peat-forming environment. In a freshwater mire, the δ 34 S of aquatic sulfate fluctuates about a mean of 5 ± 3‰, whereas in the marine environment, δ 34 S of aquatic sulfate clusters around +20‰. In peat-forming mire that is inundated by marine water, much of the sulfate is reduced by sulfate-reducing bacteria. As a result of this microbiologic activity, the active sulfur, which is assimilated into the decaying organic substrate, is depleted in 34 S. However, if the sulfate-reducing bacteria are absent, the peat possess only sulfur with the isotopic composition of the growth environment. In a coastal mire, this sulfur could be similar to that of the marine water. The low sulfur content and the isotopic composition in the lower part of the Wadge bed are consistent with sulfur assimilation in a freshwater growth environment. The increasing sulfur content and the increasing abundance of heavier isotopes toward the top of the bed suggest that, during the later stage of development of the coal mire, the peat-forming plants were increasingly influenced by a marine source and that marine sulfur was assimilated. The moderately high sulfur content and the 34 S enrichment in the Lennox coal samples suggest that this mire was clearly influenced by a marine source.